Case Study Of Banjah Village Environmental Sciences Essay

water system is indispensable to magnanimous male, beatify beings and work onss and without piddle, life on Earth would non be. It is the second resource, which is genuinely of import and abundant apart from air Wagner and Lanoix ( 19619 ) . From the unfeignedly get of human civilisation, great deal leave chose to settle near to water system start-offs, along rivers, beside lakes or near natural springs. Indeed, where battalion live, more than or less pee is usu whollyy ready(prenominal) for imbibing, domestic employment and perchance for irrigating animate beings. ( IRC1998 )When the member authoritiess of the fall in Nations proclaimed the mid-eighties to be the internationalist Drinking piss emerge and Sanitation Decade ( the pissing Decade ) , they were reacting to an insistency demand. An estimated 30,000 people were deceasing every cardinal hours, many of them attri unlessed to a deficiency of safe imbibing weewee or equal sanitation installations. Th e province of personal business of body of water release in the existence particularly in uncouth countries is far from being satisfactory. In 1980, the World Health Organization estimated that more than 70 % of the universe s rural universe of discourse was without introduction to a safe and equal water submit more or less 1.150million villagers ( China s statistics non included ) were imbibing water communicate which was a menace to their wellness ( IRC1998 7 ) . Besides, more than wizard billion people lack entree to a safe supply of imbibing piss. peeing connect diseases become taking cause of decease in the universe. It grows the lives of more than 14.000 people separately twenty-quartette hours as it is responsible for 80 % of all illness in the universe.In developing introduces, mature females and un terminaled misss spend more than 200million hours walking to the ne atomic number 18st piss origin lock to need adequate water system for their hous eholdholds. Besides, statistics show that further 60 % of the Afri fundament population has entree to safe body of water supplies. More so, in Cameroon more than one million people presently lack entree to safe imbibing weewee and three billion deficiency entree to basic sewerage systems. Although SNEC was created in Cameroon in the sixtiess after the independency, its activities argon largely been limited to the supply of crapulence urine to urban and urban periphery, populating the rural countries at their own(prenominal) clemencies and with limited finance to bear for deglutition water system supply.Drinkable water scarcity being a worldwide crisis in any event threatens the population of Banjah friendship. Banjah is one of the nice townshipshipsfolksfolks which make up the Bamenda cardinal subdivision in the North West Region of Cameroon. It is situated more or less 5km North West of Bamenda town. This little Anglophone dinky town of about 2000 people make the s carcity of drink water supply their preoccupation. The Anglophone Cameroon by and large has had a starchy tradition of ego reliant connection development. During the colonial period, the British cull up stakesd basic comfortss to their settlements for petite monetary value. The supply of drinking piddle for British Southern Cameroonians was chthonian the Public Works Department ( PWD ) a authorities bureau. And pee was fundamentally freehanded comp atomic number 18d to those in Gallic Cameroon. After reunion, the assets of PWD associating to water supply were transferred to a refreshed bureau SNEC. With SNEC, the awards state increasing. So with the cognition that water system is mantic to be less dearly-won or even free and with the spirit of community development inborn in near Anglophone countries, the Banjah people decided to come up with a autonomous pee initiate which was partially realized in 1992.Before the realisation of the dodge, the villagers fetched wa ter system from rivers springs and watercourses, which ran for long distances forrader making the bittie town. These beginnings to a fault crisscross farming atomic number 18as, croping enters and colonies. This resulted to rattling uplifted range of taint. More so, the villagers trave conduct for stopping point to 3km to charter pee and pee borne diseases were uncont plunked. body of water think overs were doing great accessible jobs. Besides, the absence of drunkenness H2O retarded an another(prenominal)(prenominal)wise development lying-ins.With the partially realisation of the H2O supply scheme, the supra jobs micturate non been wholly eradicated, alternatively, new 1s earn been created. The H2O outline faces the job of irregular supplies. at that place is mis engageion of financess. The spread personality of colonies and the rugged ter come down ar alike major jobs. Lack of local educate forces for the summons and c ar of the strategy appends the jobs. Finally, the deficiency of adult females strife in the prudence of the strategy at any rate causes a great job since they ar the greatest makees.All these jobs leave the villagers no option hardly to be given to their old available H2O beginnings. in that locationfore, conveyancing back if non, all the jobs faced by the community before the realisation of the undertaking. These jobs inspired the research worker to seek reply to this boss research inquiry How effectual is the Banjah piss supply undertaking? To reply this inquiry this research has been divided into four subdivisions.The first subdivision assesses the state of affairs of drinkable H2O before the realisation of the H2O undertaking. It as well as do a bun in the ovens at H2O supply process and how the support for the H2O undertaking was carried out. The prospective(a) subdivision looks at the divergent histrions problematical in the H2O supply strategy. It besides analyses the schemes and worry used for the success of the undertaking. The seeing is the socio economic impacts of the H2O supply strategy to the Banjah community in peculiar and others in general. Then we look at the jobs faced in the direction of the H2O supply strategy. The last subdivision concludes by sketching future chances in relation to the present slantencies in the development of the strategy. This prospects if carried out allow for convey the undertaking to a successful terminal.0.7 METHODOLOGYThe Banjah body of water supply undertaking covers a comparatively little country but with a heavily terrain. It has versatile activities every bit wide-cut as people with every bit diverse positions. Like other rural countries in Cameroon, it is ill served with communicating installations. All of these exit ask a multi- attack in roll uping informations. The methodological compend therefore pull up stakes be divided into devil separate informations aggregation and information depth psychology.0.7.1 . Data and schooling CollectionThe information for the keep an eye on leave behinding be hive a look from immemorial and supplementary beginnings.0.7.1.1. Acquisition of Secondary informations oftentimes has been written on community H2O supply strategy, direction and impacts. In this visible radiation, informations will be hoard from both published and unpublished secondary beginnings. They will include paperss and relevant web sites on the Internet. These paperss will include text editions, thesiss thesis, diaries, periodicals and magazines. These paperss and statistics will be gotten from libraries, NGOs and countryfied and Urban Councils0.7.1.3. Acquisition of Primary DataThis will affect fieldwork. dramaticswork constitutes a major beginning of informations in this type of research. That is field trips, interviews, direct observations and questionnaires. knit tripsThe first stage of the field trip will get down with a pilot study during which the matrix will be locate d and demarcated the layout of the terrain comprehended and some measurings concluded.The 2nd stage will affect transect work to demo the spacial dispersal of the H2O webInterviewsSemi structured interviews and treatments will be conducted officially with tralatitious heads, members of the tiny town traditional council, members of the H2O direction commission, caputs of adult females associations and house hold caputs. Informal interviews and treatments will be done on Lords daies after church services, market yearss and flushing when virtually of the villagers save retired place. These semi structured interviews and treatments will take to historical function. It will affect the function of the H2O related phenomena before and after the realisation of the strategy.Direct observationsThis is sincerely of import in roll uping and analysing informations. It involves the drawing of maps to demo the spacial distribution of phenomenon. For illustration the spacial distribution of the H2O web, the proposed strategy etc. Photographs will besides be interpreted to demo the spacial arranging of certain phenomenon utilizing the direct field observation method. The H2O jobs will hence be assessed straight.QuestionnairesLast, questionnaires were administered utilizing graded stochastic study technique to respondents for general replies. The different quarters represented the different strata. In each strata families were at random selected. The family caput became the chief source or other representatives in the typeface of the absent of the family caput. For the 200 questionnaires 40 were administered to each of the five quarters. For these 200 questionnaires administered 154 were decently answered. That is 77 % . These greatly helped the research worker to analyse the H2O supply strategy and its direction in the community. This is shown on the tabular take off infra.Table 1 The Distribution of adjudicate Size Questionnaires per Quarter.Living quarterssNo of QestionnairesNo of Questionnaires AdministeredPercentage of RespondentsMubaco403618Wumkien403417Ntoh402713.5Mucob403115.5Njimben402613 consummate20015477Beginning reach study 20060.7.2DATA ANALYSESAfter roll uping these informations, they ar traveling to be sorted classified analysed and interpreted. The information will be analyzed utilizing descriptive statistic methods. Tables, per centum and charts will be used.Chapter ONESituation OF drink urine BEFORE THE actualization OF THE SCHEME, yield PROCEDURE AND FINANCEHundreds of cytosine0000s of people in rural communities struggle for drinkable H2O supplies. Like most rural communities, the people of Banjah small town one time depended merely on traditional H2O beginnings for endurance. The curry to turn to the annihilating effects of increasing H2O b arelyness and worsening H2O quality around the Banjah small town eventually came. This chapter hence tries to analyze the state of affairs of drinkable H2O before the strat egy was realized, provide process and the support.1.1 SITUATION OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE identification OF THE SCHEMEField study reveals that life was similar snake pit to the villagers before the strategy. Drinking H2O was gotten from watercourses, rivers and springs, which ran, for long distances before making the small town. Apart from H2O collected from the rain the other beginnings were extremely polluted. This resulted to H2O borne diseases. colonizationrs took the hurting to go for stat mis to roll up this foul H2O. Water scarceness caused social jobs and a host of other jobs.1.1.1 Water beginnings before the strategyThe population of Banjah community had legion beginnings of H2O before the strategy. Field observation and sampling revealed the distribution beginnings as seen below.Table 2 Collection Points before the SchemeBeginningsNumber of HouseholdsPercentage ( % )Rain H2OStreamsSpringsRivers42403383432277Entire123100Beginning Field Survey 2006The above meanings revealed that most people got H2O chiefly from rainwater ( during the showery season ) , watercourses and springs. The per centums of the population that collected H2O from these different beginnings range from 34 % for rainwater, 32 % for watercourse to 27 % for springs. These beginnings were accompanied by many jobs.The above findings on the different H2O beginnings are similar with Faniran ( 1987 ) who highlighted that the chief beginnings of H2O before the put of the Lagos Water Scheme were pools watercourses, springs, pools, Wellss, lakes and rivers. He went farther to explicate that these beginnings which were polluted led to the high rate of H2O borne diseases. These besides go in line with this research and below are some of the job faced by the villagers before the realisation of the strategy.1.2 PROBLEMS OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME1.2.1 BURDEN OF FETCHING WATER.Water bring before the 1990s in Banjah small town was a great domestic load. Much cl ip and energy was worn out(p) to cover long distances to bring H2O from the different beginnings apart from rainwater. The tabular array below reveals walking distance from the H2O beginning, measure of H2O fetched per xxiv hours and clip spent for the intent.Table 3 Walking Distance from the Water Source, Quantity of Water Fetched Per Day and Time Spent for the Purpose.Family NoNeptuniumD ( m )T ( hour )Q ( cubic decimeter )NT ( hour )168505075-10021.402870035100-12521.003770040100-12521.2041080020100-125340545002550-75250Beginning Field Survey 2006.NP= figure of people in the familyD ( m ) = venture distance from family to the beginning in metersT ( hour ) = clip taken to bring H2O and redress homeA Q ( cubic decimeter ) =Quanatity of H2O fetched per twenty-four hours in liters.T ( hour ) =total clip spent per twenty-four hours in bringing H2On=number of trips to the beginning per twenty-four hours.The tabular array shows that an norm of 700m was covered by each family to roll up an norm of 100- 125litres of H2O. Women and kids every forenoon had to acquire up at the cleft of morning walking in the really cold status on narrow and hazardous way merely to roll up adequate H2O for their families. With the hazardous way some people after transporting the H2O and about making the house normally slipped off non merely pouring the H2O but besides interrupting their hard earned containers.Besides during the prohibitionist season when most of the H2O beginnings were drying up longer clip was spent. This is because, the villagers had to go longer distances to bring H2O. Apart from these long distances, adult females and kids ofttimes realize to wait in bend to roll up H2O. whatsoever traditional beginnings frequently dry out for several months each twelvemonth and it could take up to an hr to make integral a pail as they waited for the H2O to leisurely filtrate through the land to their containers. To avoid such long delaies many H2O aggregators got up ever y bit early as they could to acquire to the H2O beginning before the queuing started. thither was besides serious contending as they queued up.This activity was really palling and clip consuming, small clip was left for other activities that could bring forth income. The villagers described this distance as being painful. The happening was that, holding spent so much clip and attempt in making a beginning of H2O, the H2O itself was frequently soiled, contaminated and a wellness jeopardy.1.2.2 HEALTH PROBLEMSWater related wellness jobs were rampant in the community before the supply of drinkable H2O. These jobs were straight and indirectly related to the absent of drinkable H2O. Indirectly, acquiring up early to acquire H2O was raging. Besides the early forenoon cold characterized in the country during the dry season caused catarrh, cough, dry tegument and many other related diseases.Directly, these beginnings of H2O were extremely contaminated. They were normally polluted by domest ic waste disposal, farm fertilisers, treading by animate beings, the usage of H2O for stooling up watercourse, rinsing of apparels and still utilizing the H2O for imbibing downstream. Field surveies besides revealed that most frequently, the H2O had gustative sensation, atoms settled at the underside of the container when kept overnight and some even stained garments. All these showed how polluted the H2O was. These led to a high incidence of H2O related diseases as shown on the tabular array below.Table 4 Distribution of Diseases before the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )DiarrheaDysentery epidemic choleraRashs4735203036261523Entire132100Beginning Field Survey 2006From the tabular array above, it back be seen that there was a high incidence of diseases before the instal of the H2O. Harmonizing to the sampled population, the sum of 132 people was ill of H2O borne diseases. Diarrhea had the highest preponderance of 36 % . Apart of these H2O borne diseases, there were besides H2O washed diseases like itchs, and H2O related vectors which caused malaria and filarial all transmitted by mosquitoes. The heavy containers caused backache, retarded growing and joint strivings. The sick wellness of the labour force earnestly affected the development of the community. The general sanitation in the small town was a muss.1.2.3 SOCIETAL PROBLEMSThe absent of drinkable H2O stick out be detriment to the society. Before the strategy was realised there were a series of social jobs. some hubbies bartered their married womans for non cooking and transporting H2O on clip. Most work forces did non care under which fortunes H2O was provided, all they needed was that things should be done and available on clip. School kids had to transport H2O before traveling to school. The long queuing particularly during the dry season made these kids to both travel tardily to school or non to travel at all.More so, normally there was serious contending amongst the vi llagers as they struggled to transport foremost. This caused hostility. Children were besides beaten for interrupting H2O containers. It was a hapless scene. judge the presence of a job is the beginning of the solution. After sing all these jobs something needed to be done. The villagers so took on their enterp travel to supply drinkable H2O for the community.1.3 sum ProcedureWith all these H2O crises faced in the community, something had to be done to turn to the status and it had to be done fast. The people decided to build a autonomous community H2O undertaking. The whole process croupe mostly be seen on a diagram as below demoing the affiliate stages.Operation & A tending and Management proposeation installingPreparation For UpkeepPlaningMonitoring & A EvaluationConstructionFigure Cycle of a usual Rural Water Supply.1.3.1 InitiationAfter placing the job the following phase was the induction. Field study shows that adult females and kids are the primary groups roll uping H 2O. Therefore, they are the 1s who understand the hurting of supplying clean H2O. It is for this ground that the adult females after all the hurting and agony took upon the enterprise to suggest the thought of a drinkable H2O supply strategy.Table 5 Those Who Brought the Idea.BeginningsNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )Government21Womans Group10874Village Leaderships2718An person107Entire148100Beginning Field Survey 2006The above tabular array shows that the adult females group of the small town introduced the enterprise. Those who responded otherwise were either nescient or had nil to offer.Taking this enterprise, the adult females met with the Chief and Elders of the small town. They were directed to an administration that provide sanction to community undertakings were they got of import advice on the supply of inexpensive and drinkable H2O to the community. They country was measureed and the cost deliberated upon. They so decided to seek for assistance from different givers to a dd to what they had. It should be noted that there were processs and conditions which the villagers had to follow and carry through before they got any external aid.1.3.2 SupportUndertakings like rural H2O supplies can non be carried without assistance from the villagers themselves. The people of Banjah though willing to lend for the realisation of the H2O supply strategy, had limited agencies of bring forthing income for the installing of the H2O undertaking. Therefore, they had to seek aid from International and Local Non Governmental Organizations ( NGO s ) , to pledge the success of the undertaking.The three stages of the undertaking were completed in 1992, 1994, and 1996 severally. Financial, proficient and material support were gotten from the Swiss linkup for increase and Cooperation ( HELVETAS ) , African Development Foundation ( ADF ) , European Union and of class the Department of Community Development in Banjah. The fiscal separate can be seen on the tabular array belo w.Table 6 Fiscal contributions.Beginnings of FinanceSum in FCFAHELVETAS7,300,000ADF5,551,000European Union3,447,000Banjah Community2,991,000Entire19,238,000Beginning Project Committee Chairman,Community labour costed about 3,000,000FCFA. This brought the undertaking to a sum of 22,238,000FCFA. The field survey besides showed that financess were chiefly received from NGOs and from the small town community.Chapter TWOACTORS, STRATERGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER PROJECT.The success of a community H2O supply can non be done by the community entirely. There must be other histrions involved. These include internal histrions which are made up of the people in the community and the external histrions which include people or organisations outside the community. These histrions in one manner or the other helped in the realisation of the Banjah H2O undertaking. Field surveies revealed how involved these different histrions were and are still involved in the supply and direction process of the undertaking.2.1.1 OperationFor a undertaking to be successful at that place must be effectual operation and care. The Banjah H2O strategy maps under the umbrella of the Banjah Water Project Committee. The H2O strategy was divided into three stages. The first stage involved placing the spring beginning and taking the right engineering. The tabular array below shows the appropriate engineering options for the community H2O supply and why the shoutd supply was choose for the community.Table 7 Factors Considered in Choosing the Right Technology.TechnologyCostService LevelO & A M demandsWater QualityWater pointCheap actually low mortifiedGoodPiped supplyExpensiveVery highVery highGoodManual pumpReasonably expensiveLow elevatedGoodDug goodnessCheapestLowHighGoodRain catchmentCheapHighLowGoodBeginning Committee president.The piped engineering was chosen after discoursing with the field technician ( from HELVETAS ) and the community. This is because the H2O can easy be distributed in pipes to want points sing the topography of the small town ( explained the commission president of the strategy )The 2nd stage involved the aggregation of hard currency. This stage was really boring because it was non easy converting the villagers to lend. Several meetings were held in this visible radiation. The 3rd stage was the supply of local twitchs. Womans and kids carried sand and the work forces and young person carried rocks to the undertaking sites. This was done one-fourth by one-fourth under the supervising of the undertaking commission and one-fourth caputs. The quaternate stage was the build work proper. These involved the building of the catchment country and storage armored combat vehicle, excavation of the trenches and laying of the pipes. A 2.5km pipe was laid from the catchment country to the storage armored combat vehicle.The undertaking covers a distance of 6.2km long and consists of 30 individual base lights-outs and 2 dual base lights-outs. There are four chief control valve Chamberss along the line and a little valve chamber attached to each base pat. There are besides several private base lights-outs in different families.2.1.2 Maintenance and ManagementThe Banjah Water Scheme has a care commission. This commission is supposed to guarantee sustainable direction of the strategy. The maps of the administrator members who make up the care commission can be summarized as followsTable 8 whatever Functions of Committee MembersChairmanSecretaryTreasurerHearerCaretakerPresides at meetingsKeeps proceedingss of meetingsKeeps and collects community moneyChecks community historiesDoes routine care and punishes those who violates ordinancesSign the contract with the caretakers for operation and care.Prepares studies with presidentPrepares fiscal statementsPrepares studies on the fiscal and stuffs directionOperates system e.g. , gap and shutting valves to ration H2ORepresents the small town on H2O affairsCorrespond and affirm bank booksSigne rs to bank archivesDoes fixs of the H2O systemAuthorizes outgosKeeps records of minutessAdvises on what should be done on the systemCoordinates actions of membersUses and histories for tools, trim parts and stuffConvenes meetingBeginning Adopted from Andrew M Tayong 2005These different maps have been clearly spelled out as above. merely the inquiry is do the executive members execute their different maps judiciously? These will be expatiated in the chapters in front.2.1.3 Community ParticipationMost local populations are normally actively involved in the decision-making concerning developments or in their execution. They do nt merely supply information for the realisation of the strategy but besides take part in the effectual running of the strategy. The Banjah Community whole-heartedly participated to the success of the installing of the pipe borne H2O. The community participated through support and building of the H2O strategy. From field survey, more than 90 % of those who visi ted the catchment country went at that place for community work.The community of Banjah started take parting at the beginning of the building of the H2O strategy. The people were willing to make whatever they were asked to make. Much work was done at the catchment country. It included amongst others glade of study way, planning of study nog, transporting of rock, sand and other building stuffs. The community was besides responsible for excavation of the spring beginning for the catchment and besides trenches that channel the H2O to the remainder of the small town. Each of the quarters involved in the undertaking had community work leaders who did the organisation of the work at the one-fourth degree.Community labour was estimated to be approximately 3,000,000FCFA. The community besides participated financially. Womans had to lucre a amount of 2000FCFA, work forces 5000FCFA and kids above 18years 1000FCFA while those below 18years paid 500FCFA. The natives outside the small town we re non excluded. They contributed massively towards the development of the strategy. Fund raising parties were held in most of the subdivisions all over the state to raise financess for the strategy.2.1.4 Women InvolvementIn Banjah in peculiar and most other rural communities, adult females and kids are the primary groups of roll uping H2O. Therefore, they are the 1s who suffer most from the jobs associated to the proviso of H2O. The field study shows that adult females were those who brought the thought of drinkable what supply in the small town.As seen above, 74 % of the families interviewed revealed that adult females were those who brought the thought of drinkable H2O supply. They did non merely conveying the thought but besides helped in the executing of the undertaking. They were involved in transporting rocks and sand. They besides contributed financially by lending 2000FCFA each. Besides, some adult females participate in cleaning some of the public lights-outs and place ins talled lights-outs around. that it should be noted that on the other manus work forces are those who provide more financially and materially and are greatly involved in determination devising. It is a commiseration that many of them have small cognition about the agonies and load in supplying the household with H2O every twenty-four hours. Moreso, adult females are marginalized when comparing the possible function of the adult females with the existent engagement in the assorted phases of planning, building, care and rating. Womans are non really much involved. This explains why merely one adult female is a member of the executive board. Notwithstanding this the community at big extremely participates in the development of the undertaking.The above goes in line with the universe acme held in Rio de Janerio in June 1992 where they explained that experiences in many developing states during and since the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade ( 1981 1990 ) shows tha t even the best tally H2O bureaus can non successfully implement, operate and keep a web of widely spread H2O systems without the full engagement and committedness of the users. There must be therefore the full engagement of a community in the realisation of any development undertaking, since they are the donees.Chapter THREETHE SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH WATER SUPPLY SCHEME.3.1 Positive ImpactsWater is an of import shooter necessary for speed uping both economic and societal developments. Therefore H2O scarceness is one of the most of import environmental restraints of development, peculiarly in countries that face limited H2O in footings of quality and measure. The installing of pipe borne H2O in Banjah has resulted to some impacts. Summarily, there is the decrease of the incidence of H2O borne diseases, decrease of H2O fetching as a domestic load, sweetening of other development plans, step of poorness rilievo and others that are explained below.Table 9 Main Benefits of the Scheme.Main BenefitsNumber of PeoplesPercentage ( % )Decrease in H2O borne diseaseDecrease in the load of bringing H2OImprovement in substructureMicro irrigation strategiesEnhancement of other development undertakingsPoverty substitute314535423442142015181518Entire229100Beginning Field Survey 2006The above tabular array shows the chief benefits of the strategy to the sampled population. All these will be analysed below.3.1.1 Decrease in Water Borne DiseasesThe criterions of Cameroon imbibing H2O, corresponds with that of France, which is laid down in article one of the edict of 10th August 1961, of the Conseil Superieur dhygien publique and the edict of 28th February 1962 and 7th September 1967 ( Helvetas Manual, 1985 ) . These correspond to the international criterion, which says H2O should be colorless, tasteless, odorless and has no hazardous bacterium. The general safety of H2O is determined by its physical, chemic and bacteriological quality. It should hold sourness ( PH ) of measures which will do the H2O soft ( foams easy ) and the H2O should hold fix free carbondioxide. The tabular array below shows the study on chemical analysis of tap H2O in Banjah small town.Table 10 physical composition on Chemical Analysis of pester Water in Banjah Village.PH- valueHardness ( inA PG ) deoxycytidine monophosphateate hardnessNon Carbonate hardness 0Entire hardness6.50.1700.17Content of ( in mg/l )Sulfates so4Chlorides clAlkalinely mval cubic decimeter methyrorangeLime- aggreeiveCarbon dioxide CO2 HeyerKmnO4 ingestion in mg/l10.50.157.71.6Calculated in mg/1Natrium Bi carbomate NAHCO3Magnesium Mg70Beginning HEVETAS LABThe above chemical analysis of the Banjah H2O was done utilizing the Drinkable Water Analysis Kit ( pattern CA-24WR ) of Hach. Two liters of H2O was collected from the pat and put in a clean bottle made of good quality impersonal glass. The undermentioned chemical values were measured -PH-value-Hardness in grain CaCo3/gallon-Content of C di oxide CO2 in mg/l-Content of dissolved Oxygen in mg/lThe little hardness, really soft nature of the H2O and the less acidic ( impersonal ) content of the H2O makes it really drinkable for imbibing and other activities. These hence explain how drinkable the H2O is. Besides the bacteriological content of the H2O was analyzed and is presented below.Table 11 A Summary of a Report on the Bacteriological Analyses of the Water.OrganismValueWater Intended for DrinkingEntire Coliform BacteriaLess than 10/100mlin at least 75 % of all the samples takenFaecal Coliform BacteriaLess than 10/100mlin at least 75 % of all the samples takenBeginning HEVETAS LABFaecal coliform count in H2O samples taken from rural systems should neer exit 10 bacteriums per 100 milliliter, and no more than 25 % of samples should incorporate fecal coliforms. The H2O trial consequences shows that the Banjah H2O has less than 10 bacteriums per 100ml. The immediatelyadays of the a couple of(prenominal) bacteriums are as a consequence of some universal dirt bacteriums which are frequently present sometimes but with really small hazard of fecal befoulment. Besides, it should be noted that protected springs provide H2O free from fecal taint. Therefore these explain why the H2O is fit for imbibing.Banjah H2O as seen above is colourless, odourless, tasteless, non acidic, soft and with less bacterium content. The H2O can hence be termed mineral H2O. This high criterion of H2O has reduced the incidence of H2O borne diseases, though non wholly eradicated. This can be seen by comparing the distribution of diseases before and after the strategy. The tabular arraies below compare the distribution of diseases before and after the realisation of the strategy.Table 12a Distribution of Diseases before the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )DiarrheaDysenteryCholeraRashs4735203036261523Entire132100Beginning Field Survey 2006Table 12b Distribution of Diseases after the Scheme.Types of disease sNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )DiarrheaDysenteryCholeraRashs1211263935719Entire31100Beginning Field Survey 2006A comparism of these tabular arraies shows that the incidence of H2O borne diseases has reduced. Harmonizing to the sampled population, the sum of 132 people was ill of H2O borne diseases before, and after the installing of the strategy it reduced to 31. This decrease is as a consequence of the good quality H2O. But the inquiry still remains why have nt these diseases been wholly eradicated? This will be analysed in the pages in front.3.1.2 Decrease in the Burden of Fetching WaterWomans and kids are responsible for about all the activities in the rural environment in which Banjah is portion. With the coming of the H2O strategy, the load of transporting H2O has been reduced. They have much clip like a shot for their household activities and affirmation. The below statistics show the clip served by one individual for a twelvemonth when mensurating the decrease in the loa d of taking H2O. To cipher the entire figure of hours saved on the norm, we take a day-to-day figure and express as an one-year sum.Average clip saved per trip = 35minsAverage clip saved per twenty-four hours = 1.06 ten 35= 37.1mins= 0.62hoursAverage clip saved for 1 twelvemonth by a individual = 0.62 ten 365hours = 226.3 hours.The figures indicated above gives the sum of clip the each individual will pull through in other to transport out other of import economic activities.With the above clip saved, adult females now are more productive and cost-efficient in the public presentation of their domestic duties. They besides have clip for other more productive income bring forthing activities like agriculture, and exchange the green goods, retailing, selling palm vino tapped by their hubbies. The income generated from these activities help in bettering kids s nutrition, wellness, sanitation and instruction.The installing of the H2O strategy in Banjah has besides helped the adult f emales or made adult females better on their general sanitation. It has besides helped them to conserve their privateness, since they do non hold to take a bath in the watercourse or rivers as earlier. The Banjah adult females now have leisure clip to rest, visit relations and friends and besides join associations. They can freely oversee the kids, go toing meetings and other socio- political assemblage. These adult females besides have clip to forge autonomous enterprise groups which can better their criterions of life and cut down poorness. This is done through the instruction of the adult females on improved agriculture methods ( for illustration usage of fertilisers and other farm inputs ) , sanitation, nutrition and they are besides educated on HIV and household planning pattern to guarantee their well being. Some of them have decided to utilize the clip saved by increasing their farm sizes and thereby base on balls more clip on the farm.3.1.3 Micro Irrigation SchemesAgribus iness is the anchor of the Banjah people. From the field study, 80 % of the sampled population are engaged in agricultural activities. Water being really of import for agribusiness makes the installing of the pipe borne H2O really utile to the Banjah people. During the dry season when there is no rain, the installed H2O is used for irrigate small- graduated table farms and gardens. Most people who works veggies like huckleberry, tomatoes, onions and lettuce including harvests like murphies make usage of the H2O. Field study reveals that Banjah small town is the highest manufacturer of huckleberry normally known as jamajama . It is cultivated non merely during the wet season as before but all twelvemonth unit of ammunition because of the presence of abundant H2O for irrigation. Peoples come in from far and near to purchase this vegetable and it is the highest income generator particularly during the dry season when it is scarce in other parts of the state.This strategy is besides used by cattle rearers. Most Banjah people like many others in the grassfield are cattle rearers. The H2O is used to maintain the animate beings fresh and healthy during the dry season when there is limited grass to wipe out the animate beings and besides the drying up of H2O points. It is besides used to turn hye during the prohibitionist season which some cowss feed on.The Banjah drinkable H2O is besides used for angling. There are angling pools in the small town. These tip pools do non merely generate income but serve as a beginning of protein which is really scarce to come by.3.1.4 Rural Infrastructure.The rural substructure of Banjah portrays a typical African rural country scene. The small town suffers from a major job of unequal rural substructure. These include educational installations, communicating web, drinkable H2O, wellness centre, agricultural extension services, commercial installations and worst of all rural electrification.Houses in this small town are construc ted with local stuffs like clay, bamboo and grass ( thatched ) . Very few people use cement blocks to build. another(prenominal) stuffs used are zinc and processed wood.More than half of the people use clay blocks, topically produced to build. The chief route runs from Bamenda town through the small town to Bambili. There are minor roads and footpaths criss-crossing the other distant countries of the small town. There are two chief spiritual groups, which have been represent by the presence of Christian churches and a mosque. There is merely a primary school and a local market that operates one time a hebdomad.From the field study it was noticed much has truly improved as concerns substructure since the installing of the strategy. Some of the sampled population greatly agreed on this point. Peoples now have extra H2O nearer to build their ain houses. This has increased the figure of houses in the small town. Most frequently, houses are being constructed utilizing local stuff and by the proprietors. Since they have entree to a nearby pat, they mould blocks and build their houses at a lower cost. At first, they had to transport H2O from distant beginnings, this was really boring and really expensive fewer houses were hence constructed before the installing of the strategy.The installing of the strategy has besides enhanced other development undertakings. One of the major developments is the building of a wellness Centre although non as yet completed because of abuse of financess. Recently, the route was graded and there are chances of tarring the route and supplying electricity to the villagers.3.2 prohibit ImpactsThe Banjah H2O strategy has been successful to an intent. This is because the small towns still face some negative impacts caused by the strategy. These impacts were gotten from interviews and direct field observation has been expatiated below.3.2.1 Destruction of colonies, farming worlds and flora.Colonies, flora and farming areas were destroy ed in the cause of the installing of the pipes. Most of these pipes had to crisscross colony, flora and farming areas. All these things were destroyed without compensation as a consequence of the installing of the strategy. Field observation showed that some pipes passed through some people s compounds. This mean that these people can non transport out any other development undertaking like constructing a house be house because the pipes will be destroyed. Besides its hazardous edifice a house because what if the pipes has a escape or is being broken the house will be wholly destroyed.3.2.2 The catchment country and land decreaseThe land around the catchment country has been restricted from graze and other agriculture activities. This is to avoid pollution of the catchment. It should be noted that this has led to the decrease of farming areas and croping land particularly since this topographic point usage to be one of the really fertile lands of the small town. The limited land is now doing farmer-grazier struggles in some other parts of the small town.3.2.3 OutgoLast, the installing of the strategy led to excessively much outgo, which to an extent has increased poorness. Although fiscal, stuff and proficient assistance were gotten from Non Governmental Organizations, the villagers besides had to lend. With their stingy incomes, some were forced to pay certain dues. More so, they are still supposed to pay one-year dues of 1000FCFA for work forces and 500FCFA for adult females.Chapter FOURPROBLEMS go about IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHEME AND FUTURE PROSPECTSMajority of the Banjah population has entree to the drinkable H2O, but a good figure of the villagers are still faced with H2O crisis. There are many jobs in the direction of the strategy. Despite all these jobs, there are still some chances.4.1 Problems confront in the Management of the Scheme4.1.1 TopographyThe survey country falls within the Western Highlandss of Cameroon, which implies that the underl ying stones of Banjah are old granite and gneiss of the Precambrian epoch covered by basalt ( Neba 1999 ) . The part is fundamentally composed of drops. This vicinity depicts a rugged highland terrain made up of hills that are separated from each other by deep v-shaped and U-shaped vales depending on the incline. The alleviation of this country can be divided into two the low and upland countries.The Lowlandss are found around the Southern Western and telephone exchange parts of Banjah, with an mean tallness of 700m. The Highlandss on the other manus cover the Northern and Eastern parts of the survey country. The height scopes from about 1800-2200m above sea degree. This physical terrain has greatly affected the distribution of drinkable H2O.Field observation shows that the site and state of affairs of the catchment is a great hinderance to the distribution of drinkable H2O as a consequence of the topography. The catchment is situated at a tallness of 1826meters above sea degree. T here are other countries of more than 2000meters. This has made it impossible for drinkable H2O to make the really high countries. Much money is needed to widen the pipes to these countries. The catchment, located at the South West of the small town means that some pipes has to crisscross the survey country to ingestion countries. Besides, with the stony landscape some of the pipes have been broken hence sloping out much H2O. Some quarters are left without H2O. There is therefore the demand to supply much finance to better on the quality of pipes to direct H2O to the destitute topographic points.The varied landscape made up of undulating programs and high extremums, some which are high than the catchment necessitated really high hydraulic profile or force per unit area to guarantee efficient H2O distribution. However, such a venture is rather expensive and may non be low-cost by the villagers or the dwellers of Banjah. This explains why many a clip particularly during the dry seaso n a good bulk of lights-outs in Banjah does non flux and why quarters such as Ntoh with high lift have non yet benefited from the strategy.4.1.2 Socio economicThe economic system of Banjah like other rural countries is characterized by subsistence agribusiness. More than 85 % of the population is involved in subsistence agribusiness. There are other economic activities like the operation of proviso shops, off-licenses, merchandising of palm vino and local maize beer. The merchandising of firewood besides brings in much income. With their meager income they are faced with many duties like educating their kids and supplying day-to-day staff of life for the household. Therefore paid their annual dues is really hard and at times some people can non afford to pay for old ages.Besides the fiscal restraints of the community and their avidity to supply H2O within sensible distances for the people have made some families to put in base lights-outs around the compound. Most of such lights-ou ts are below acceptable criterions. They do non hold good basins round them but few rocks to back up the containers. As a consequence, there is a chance that H2O from such environment fortunes become contaminated earlier ingestion as soiled H2O splashes into the containers in the class of roll uping the H2O.4.1.3 sloppinessMost of the environing countries have been extremely neglected. Direct field observation shows that catchment country, the armored combat vehicle and some lights-outs have become soiled and shaggy due to negligence. This is because as explained above, the villagers are either non able or are non willing to pay their annual dues. Therefore, those who are supposed to take attention of these armored combat vehicles, catchments countries and lights-outs are non sufficiently motivated. This therefore consequences to carelessness. Besides most of the house installed lights-outs do non hold good drainage systems. This consequences to untidy and unhealthy milieus. Dead H2O is a good genteelness environment for vectors conveying diseases like malaria which is really common in Banjah small town.4.1.4 Population distributionThere are a important alteration in the population of Banjah small town from the 1976 and 1987 nose count, the population of Banjah was 984 dwellers. In 1987, the population rose to 1824 that is 840 new dwellers or 86.8 % addition. It was projected that by the twelvemonth 2000, the population of Banjah was supposed to hold reached 3648 dwellers.Table 13 Population arc and Projection.19761987Actual alterationPercentage alterationProjection2000984182484086.8 %33648Beginning base on Demo 1987, Second General Census Cameroon.The ratio of public lights-outs to the population in the community is really low. There are about 32 public lights-outs in the small town to a population of more than 33648 people. Besides, the population is extremely dispersed. The community hence finds it really hard to turn up lights-outs and rather expensive to associate all the colonies with pipe borne H2O. There is overcrowding around these few lights-outs which consequences to contending particularly amongst kids. Some of these battles to bring H2O lead to hostility amongst villagers, which retard advancement. Besides, non all the countries have entree to drinkable H2O during the dry season. There is therefore the demand for rationing. Most people faced with these jobs tend to bring H2O from the contaminated beginnings. Therefore partially explains why the incidence of H2O borne diseases can non be wholly eradicated.4.1.5 Management forcesLike most community undertakings, people are elected from the community to pull off its activities. They form the nucleus of the undertaking. The Banjah rural H2O supply has this forces but with unequal direction accomplishments and prepare technicians. Most of these people are voluntary workers with other professions. This means they have other businesss. They hence have limited clip for the pers onal businesss of the strategy. These restraints in work force ( labor ) have resulted to inadequate direction and bringing of required services to the people.Besides, field study revealed that, due to the work load and inability of the community to back up lasting workers as a consequence of fiscal restraints, these have given rise to inadequate records of the strategy such as figure of people, with private installings. Such records are critical because they aid in the anticipation and undertaking of future demands and fiscal budgeting sing the strategy.4.1.6 CaretakerThese are the field workers who are supposed to be familiar with their work. They are expected to often describe to the direction commission, on the state of affairs in the field, with the origin of the undertaking. Normally, at the get downing a villager was trained to execute this responsibility, but soon, other people have been co-opted in his topographic point. They are short of the needed accomplishments. As such there exists some carelessness to execute their responsibility coupled with deficiency of experience. At times escape can travel for hebdomads through pipe and lose caputs of public standpipes before they are discovered and repaired.4.1.7 Communication jobField oppugning and observation besides showed that the people are nescient on how the undertaking operates and their program of work for the twelvemonth. All they know is that they have to lend for the operations. Because of this believe there is misappropriate of their financess, by those in buck therefore weakening the people s involvement in full engagement on the activities of the H2O undertaking. They are hence non willing to pay their annual dues. The people believe that the money will non be judiciously used. This therefore makes it impossible for the undertaking to be smoothly tally.Future PROSPECTS IN RELATION TO PRESENT TRENDS OF evolution OF THE SCHEMEAll is non yet lost since there is still hope for the community to be wholly served with drinkable H2O. Field study revealed the following sing the future chances of drinkable H2O in the Banjah community.The nowadayss of raffia thenar and the stinger down of all eucalyptus around the present catchment country makes the handiness of drinkable H2O promising. This is because H2O will be available to the community at all seasons if non to the whole small town but to portion of the small town. The raffia thenar shop H2O which is released during periods of deficit, this guarantees changeless supply to some parts of the small town.Besides, the wiring of the country around the catchment country prevents the country from being polluted by either fertilisers from farming or croping around the catchment country. Finally, there is a great chance to recognize another strategy. This will hopefully function the Ntoh one-fourth and its milieus where there is no drinkable H2O supply at all.4.2.1 A unawares Description of the Micro undertaking.The deficiency of d rinkable H2O in some parts of Banjah as a consequence of the rugged topography of the small town, poorness and long distance to drinkable H2O beginning has lead to high rate of H2O born diseases, hapless wellness and decrease in population. This undertaking will therefore aimed at relieving poorness and fosterage development through the supply of drinkable H2O to the Banjah castle and the Ntoh one-fourth as a whole besides reenforcing the flow rate of the bing supply.Aims Short term To provide drinkable H2O to the community.Long term To better wellness conditions, increase agricultural product and accelerate development.Table 14 Budget of a Proposed Scheme.DIFFERENT CONTRIBUTIONSFundss IN FCFACommunity Kind Contribution1.980.000Community Cash Contribution1.528.000Expected Aid3.100.000Entire6.608.000Beginning Committee ChairmanIn order to raise financess for the undertaking, letters of entreaty will be send to project related Non Governmental Organization and many other givers. The cost regard will hence be forwarded to the Ministry of Water and Energy which has a budget given for funding rural H2O supply strategies in Cameroon. With Cameroon making the Highly Indebted Country Initiative ( HIPIC ) degree, budgets are now allocated to transport out development undertakings in rural communities. So the Banjah people are looking frontwards to derive aid from the State and of class other givers. A successful realisation of the above chances, will lend a great trade to the success of the Banjah Water undertaking.MentionsPublished BeginningsAkintola F.O and Aroela. ( 1979 ) Domestic Water Consumption in Urban Areas A instance survey in Ibadan City, Nigeria Water Supply and Management.Nigeria. Vol. 4 pp ( 313-312 )Andrew M. Tayong. ( 2005 ) community region in rural H2O supply undertakings. An illustrated usher and practical usher. 58pAndrew M. Tayong. ( 2002 ) Spring Water Tapping , In train Wilk, C. , Jo Smet ( explosive detection systems ) Small Water Supp lies Technology, people and Partnership, IRC, Delft, The Netherlands pp152-167Andrew M. T. , Poubom, C ( 1999a ) . 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HELVETAS. 20pTable OF CONTENTGENERAL INTRODUCTIONMETHODOLOGY AND LIMITATION OF STUDY0.5.1Data and Information CollectionAcquisition of secondary informationsAcquisition of primary informations.Data analysis.Chapter ONESituation OF POTABLE WATER BEFOR E THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME AND SUPPLY PROCEDURESituation of Water Supply before the Realization of the Scheme.Beginnings of Water Before the Realization of the Scheme1.2 Problems Faced Before the Realization of the Scheme1.2.1 Burden of Fetching Water1.2.2 Health Problems1.2.3 Social Problems1.3 Supply Procedure1.3.1Initiation1.3.1FundingChapter TWO3.1 ACTORS AND STRATERGIES IN THE SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHEME.3.1.1Operation, Distribution of lights-outs and Care3.1.2 Community Involvement.3.1.3 Women InvolvementChapter THREESOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH WATER SUPPLY SCHEME.3.1 Positive Impacts3.1.1 Decrease in Water Borne Diseases3.1.2 Decrease in the Burden of Fetching Water3.1.3 Micro-Irrigation Schemes3.1.4 Rural Infrastructure3.2 Negative Impacts3.2.1 Destruction of colony, farming area and flora3.2.2 The catchment country3.2.3 OutgoChapter FOURPROBLEMS FACED BY THE SCHEME AND FUTURE PROSPECTS4.1 Problems Faced by the Scheme4.1.1 Topography4.1.2 Socio- economi c4.1.3 Negligence4.1.4 Population Distribution4.1.5 Management Personnel4.1.6 Caretaker4.1.7 Communication ProblemFuture PROSPECTS IN RELATION TO PRESENT TRENDS OF EVOLUTION OF THE SCHEMEA Short Description of the Micro Project