Human Resource & Competitive Advantage- A Case of Nucor Study

Human Resource & Competitive Advantage- A of Nucor - Case Study Example Looking at the financial aspect of the pay for performance system the system might seem as inappropriate to modern organizational setting but they pay system of Nucor needed to be viewed from the human side of the equation. However there are advantages and disadvantages that are associated with the pay for performance scheme of Nucor. Advantages According to the case study, pay for performance has helped Nucor to retain top performers and create the sense of responsibility among employees because employees know that their pay scale is directly related to their performance level. Korda has pointed out that leaders need to adopt alternate solutions in order to enhance performance of subordinates. Same is the case for Nucor, leaders of the company have designed a unique pay for performance scheme for employees which can positively impact the overall production performance of the company. According to the case study, workers in Nucor Corporation three times incentives along with the fixed pay when they perform exceptionally well. Now from an egalitarian perspective, the pay for performance model can be appreciated, for example, in a fixed salary based compensation scheme with separate performance appraisal system; all employees are equally compensated irrespective of their performance level in the organizations.... mpensation scheme with separate performance appraisal system; all employees are equally compensated irrespective of their performance level in the organizations. Such type of pay system might discourage employees to put their hard work hence overall productivity of the firm will get hampered. The case is opposite when organizations link incentives along with fixed payment to appreciate workers to enhance their effort level earn more monetary rewards. Disadvantages According to Bernardin and Russell (2013) there are two major limitations associated with pay for performance scheme, 1-it is not a standardised procedure to measure performance because performance of employees can be downgraded by variety of reasons apart from incompetency of workers and 2- biased pay for performance system can decreased the level of output from workers. These problems are associated with the pay system of Nucor Corporation. Careful analysis is showing that, hourly workers in steel manufacturing giant earn $10/hour which is far less than the industry average of $16-$21/hour while rest of the payment is made in terms of incentives and bonuses which are linked with the quality and productivity of entire shift. Now imagine a case, where overall productivity of Nucor Corporation gets reduced due to decrease in demand for steel across the globe for various macro-environmental reasons. From the law of economics, in such cases, Nucor will not be able provide bonuses or incentives to workers hence the workers will go home with fixed salary which is way below than the industry average. The same case happened to Nucor during 2003, when the demand for steel was chopped; hourly workers earned only $59,000 annually. Answer 2 Nucor Corporation uses both financial and non-financial incentives to motivate

Seeking Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Seeking Knowledge Essay A program evaluation is an investigation into the process to determine the quality of the results it produces (Rallis Bolland 2004). Organizations initiate program evaluations to see what improvements can be made as priorities changes based on consumer needs and desires (Rallis Bolland 2004). There are three important components to a program evaluation: an inquiry, judgment, and decision (Rallis Bolland 2004). An evaluation demonstrates knowledge of the process which includes an indepth analysis of program’s goals and processes (Rallis Bolland 2004). Evaluating program functioning is a method the organizations use to learn about the processes that define the organization’s values and methods used to accomplish the mission (Rallis Bolland 2004). A program evaluation initiates a series of questions which begins with defining the goals and expectation of both the staff and organization (Rallis Bollard 2004). Evaluation principles recommended by the American Evaluation Association are: systematic inquiry, competence, integrity, respect and responsibility for public welfare (Rallis Bollard 2004). A program evaluation needs to account for the position of the evaluators, the program and the organization (Rallis Bollard 2004). The first step of a program evaluation is to define the purpose and the audience (Rallis Bollard 2004). To start a program evaluation one must start with questions and answering it must involve three basic principles description, comparison, and prediction (Rallis Bollard 2004). When the process of a program is being evaluated the report should include a discussion on alternative plans for improving the delivery of services (Rallis Bollard 2004). Program evaluations seek to help both staff and organizations to improve the delivery of services. Reference: Rallis, S. F. , Bolland, K. A. (2004). What is Program Evaluation? Generating Knowledge for Improvement? Archival Science 4 5-16. Retrieved on January 15, 2009 from the ebscohost database.

Lasers: What Everyone Should Know Essay -- Technology Tools Papers

Lasers: What Everyone Should Know Lasers are very important tools in modern science, industry, and everyday life. From their creation over forty years ago their designs have improved and their usefulness increased. They work on physical principles that are a mix of both classical and quantum mechanical, thus making them great examples for demonstrating the properties of light and excited states of atoms and molecules. The process of producing laser light can be complicated, but the explanation of laser action, becomes easily accessible when an explanation of the underlying physical principles, and the apparatus involved in creating it is given. Indeed, there are a number of different types of lasers, solid-state lasers, gas lasers, semiconductor laser and dye pumped lasers. Each of these has different properties that make them ideal for certain situations. Furthermore, each type functions differently, yet produces the same result. That is, light created from stimulated emission, which is totally in phase, all of the same wavelength, and all propagating in the same direction. With this knowledge everyone should gain a new appreciation of light and lasers. Introduction: Without a doubt, everyone has heard about lasers, and while the first thing that comes to mind at the mention of the word can be anything from some sort of death ray to a doctor performing eye surgery, their infusion into society is certainly very deep. However, the average layman may not be all that familiar with how exactly a laser functions or the sum total of its applications, which can range from medical instruments, to industrial machinery, to CD players, and as important tools in scientific research. First off, laser, or more appropriate... ...rd, R.L., Omni Mar., 54 (1979). [3] Gordon, J.P., Zeiger, H.J., Townes,C.H., Phys. Rev. 95, 282 (1954). [4] Shawlow, A.L. and Townes, C.H., Phys. Rev. 112, 47 (1958). [5] Maiman, T.H., Nature 187, 493 (1960). [6] Larsen, E., Inc. Mar. 1, 68 (1989). [7] Bennett, W.R., Phys. Rev. 126, 580 (1962). [8] Turro, N.J., Modern Molecular Photochemistry, The Benjamin; Menlo Park (1988). [9] Huheey, J.E., Inoganic Chemistry, HarperCollins; New York (1993). [10] Williams, M., PC World, â€Å"Sanyo's Blue Laser May Boost Optical Storage,† 3/13/2002. [11] Brownlee, C., Medical Drug Discovery, 4.11 14 (2001). [12] Bell Labs Photonics Unit [13] Lane, E., The Seattle Times, â€Å"Space detectives: Scientists seek 'waves' of gravity,† 10/9/2002. [14] Kent, D.F. and Nene, G., Enlighten, 6, 4 (2001).

Miss fortune in My New School Story

Misfortune in my new school Arshia Amali I woke up by the blue jays singing by the tree beside my bedroom window. I got dressed in my blue jeans and my Adidas sweater. As I went downstairs my mom had a big breakfast set out on the round table. I sat down and as I started gobbling down the pancakes my brother joined us. We cleaned off the table and I took my backpack and put on my jacket to go out for school. My brother ‘Matt’ following right behind me.I and he decided to take the shortcut we found during summer break when we went biking, instead of the actual way through the streets. It had already started to snow in September and the shortcut through the pond was slippery, but we scrambled through it. As we made our way near the school, we saw some of the kids we saw when we went biking hanging out by the timeworn school sign. I guess my brother didn’t really want to enter school with me because he scurried off to a friend he met at a band competition during the break.I didn’t really find any friends during the break, except this kid named Jack who was my neighbour, but the problem with him was that he was one of the fattest kid I have seen, and all he would want to do was stay home and watch this TV show about a loser who always got beaten up. I stayed away from him all summer but I guess I shouldn’t have, because now I have to enter the school all by my self not knowing where to go or not knowing anything about the school. At least the school entrance looked warm hearted. I made way up the aged stairs of the school.I opened the door to the school and felt a warm breeze of air through my body. It didn’t look too bad like I imagined. To my left a bunch of kids were by the classroom talking to one of the teachers and to my right some kids all had their heads in one locker looking at something. I decided to go up to the administration desk and ask for my class list. The women behind the computer gave me the piece of paper with my classroom numbers. Since I didn’t know anyone, I decided to go to my class and get a bit familiar to the teacher. The classroom door was open so I decide to take a sneak at it.There was no teacher inside and so were no students. I guess no one was new to the school and had someone to hang out with. So I decide to stay in the class and read one of the books I still didn’t finish from last year until the bell ring. â€Å"BRING† The bell rang and bit by bit the students made their way in at a snails pace; I guess none of them were happy about school starting. But suddenly the most attractive girl I have ever seen came inside the room crowded with a bunch of boys trying to make a move with her. I guess she was probably the girl of the school.We started class a few minutes later and for the whole class I swear I couldn’t lay my eyes off of her until the boy behind me poked me at the back saying â€Å"Don’t even try bro. Every guy wants that gi rl! † With fury I turned around and saw a chubby boy and told him â€Å"What makes you think I won’t get her† and with confidence he said she only goes out with athletic people, making me sound like I’m not athletic. I needed to at least try to get her and to show the boy ‘Brendan† that I am athletic and could get her. But the truth was that I actually wasn’t that athletic.I was always the geek that stayed behind the computer playing games instead of going outside and playing sports. Instead of arguing with Brendan I decide to actually get to be friends with him since I didn’t know anyone else. First and second class passed by and now was lunch time. Brendan and I made our way through the halls to the cafeteria. We both got our lunch and made our way to a table where we could eat. While we ate he told me that the wrestling try outs would be today and that we should both try out since Alex will be there watching. I decide to give i t a go since she was there, and maybe wrestling will the sport I’m good at.I was actually eager to try out because I could probably show off some moves and get Alex attracted to me. For the last two blocks we didn’t really do much; we had both classes as science and all we did was read the safety rules for using the stuff in class. The bell rang and Brendan and I made our way to the gym. We got changed into our shorts and out on some equipment that the coach gave to us. We made our way into the gym; all the people trying out were big and muscular. I took a quick glance at the bleachers and saw Alex setting down with some other girl from our class.I knew I had to shine or it would go all bad. The coach put us into pairs with the same size for opponents. My bad luck struck because I was paired up with this girl that had tried out; I and she were the smallest and shortest people there so that’s why we probably got paired up together. The bad thing was that the coac h actually wanted us to wrestle each other and I didn’t really want to hurt a girl. We were the last ones to wrestle, so we both made our way to the matt and as soon as the coach said go, that girl attacked me and took me right down to the floor.Brendan helped me up and all I heard and saw was everyone laughing at me including Alex. I was pretty embarrassed. We all went back to the locker room to change back to leave. Everyone was making fun of me so I got myself out of there as soon as possible. I put on my jacket and opened the door to start walking back home. Instead of taking the shortcut I took the actual way through the street. As I was walking down the street across the school I saw Alex standing outside of the bank line with her mom. I thought the best thing to do was to change my way but instead I decided to be a man and pass her.I was around a foot away for her and suddenly a group of man came outside of the bank. They all had black masks with some sort of sweater s aying ‘BAD BOYS† on it with each of them wearing baggy ripped jeans. I guess they were robbing the bank or something because one the guys started to terrorise the people outside including me to not call the police. Then one of the guys opened some shots from his pistol in to the crowd and the only thing that popped into my mind was to jump in front of Alex to save her from a bullet; maybe instead of liking an athletic person she could like a hero that saved her life.I wasn’t really expecting the bullet to come her way but my bad luck it actually was going to hit her, so I lurched my self in front of her and got hit by the bullet. I was expecting my self to be in wounded by the bullet but instead I found my self in the hospital lying on the bed with my brother and mom beside me on the bed. I didn’t know exactly what was happening and exactly why I wasn’t dead or anything from the bullet. I asked my mom sitting beside me if they took the bullet out of me but she was more confused then ever before.So I asked her why I was in the hospital and she told me, when me and my brother took the shortcut in the morning on the way to school I fell down and hit my head on sharp piece of ice which got me unconscious. So all that just had happened to me was all a dream I guess. I’m just happy that all I went through in my dream wasn’t real because I would never want that to happen to me. And the best thing of all was that I got to miss the first day of school!

Actual Story Gay Edgar Allen Poe

Although he is seen as a respect De mason, and possibly even feared, Fortunate rather great need for my touch and my Tate notion was ultimately his weakness. I turned and said to him: My Dear Fortunate, is there something that troubles you? ‘ â€Å"You,† he said. ‘What precisely are we doing?! † â€Å"We are merely relishing each other's company. Wish to not impose of this sill once that fell upon us, tester 2 â€Å"My Friend;l mean, what is this relationship, this immoral act we have been pr acting for the last few years?Fortunate questioned forcefully with a longing desire of need on his beet red face and tense shoulders. I gathered my wits and gingerly walked over to Fortunate s eat. Grabbed his rather clammy hands and grazed my lips across his knuckles while staring pro foundry into his mound wondering eyes that reflected the wild dark roots thrusting against the summer's forest. I could see the large vein on his petite forehead throb as the thoughts of our re allocation flourished in his mind.He was not mentally prepared to overcome such a scandal, and n either was l, but it was he who held the guilt of betraying the marriage he built with Lady Fortune tat close to heart. â€Å"Fortunate, there is no need to cause yourself any agony. There is no need to I k for meaning in this amour. This affair doesn't reduce your StatUS as a respected a ND honorable mason now, gather yourself up and make your journey to yourself. This involve moment between us is ours alone Carr Fortunate broke his gaze and looked down at his settled hands.He sat there, unmoving. For a moment it seemed as though he was in war with his conflicting thought s, unsure of what there was to come. He finally rose his head and looked at me with somewhat Of contentment in his eyes. â€Å"l see where we stand, Mentors. Will now leave. My dear Mary will be cusps socio if I were to delay much longer. Until next time, MIM Carr As Fortunate left the chamber, I let the sedu ctive facade fall from my face. Oh r amatory expressed from one side. Oh how despised that man!How my blood boiled at the thought of 3 him returning to his â€Å"beloved† Mary! She should be mine! She was mine. For loved her still do and always will till I am long dead and rotten and the worms have consume De my flesh. Reminisce on the time I met the radiant Mary Perpetrators. We were mere chill drew at the time, not even 16 years of age, and her face was filled with youthful, elegant b tatty. When she was near, there was no one but us, my Mary Bella and l, as though we were al one in a kingdom by IL Mar Mediterranean.She was my queen, and I was her king, and we had 10 Veda with a love hat was the envy of all the seraphim of Deaden, a love that was abstruse. Unfortunately, I didn't possess the financial level that Fortunate had the privy age to sustain. Fortunate was part of the wealthiest banking family in Italy, and l, well l, I was part of the strongest mercenary contracti ng family. As much as the Mentors family pro ducted manors and provinces from regional princes throughout the Italian countryside, the Fort NATO family was far more distinguished than the Mentors due to their financial assistance.I fell t queasy that such a wealthy and blessed family held the low standards of committing fraud where ere their petty foot stepped. For this reason, my Mary was sold to that accursed trollop Fortunate Although no one could rightfully and obviously accuse the Fortunate Family of such treachery, it was common knowledge across manors and villages that the Fort mutton paid and received monetary favors to secure funds for princes and their regional warrior Eng, as well as bishops and their divine propaganda; all for security and communion.I peers anally was never involved in these schemes, but time and time again, I subtly chuckled at the m softness of others when attending the cathedral, dining hall, or local winery. Specially cackled when Princes Achilles de frauded Princes Bonaventure, of course with the help of the Fortune tats. Prince Bonaventure was a gentleman to a certain degree, but then again he was juju nee. In truth, any man 4 with a sliver of cunning would have taken advantage of Bonaventure finance al impediment.Oh the insignificance, the ignorance, and the idolatry of princes! The shame cast on our class! For it is the humble peasant that outclasses the local prince in character, but who y is character necessary when wealth, warring, and wills craft the only noticeable characters as suddenly startled, and almost spit my Amaretto in disgust once realizing Prince De Boring ostentatiously slithered in the winery. Of course, the rest of the gentle men and mercenaries jolted with great delight to see a prominent prince, a skilled war ROR, and charismatic countryman.De Boring owned numerous estates, and every wine made in HTH s vulnerably was technically his. He would fence and go horseback riding two hours everyday, t here lavis h parties every other week, and always found Ways to make financial transactions even as his mistresses purloined amounts of wealth in coinage or capital. As not in the least afraid of him, but any sign of dissent or digressiveness of De Barrio's attention would ignite a brawl between the dandies at the winery and Prince De Boring and l. As much as my combat ski ASS were polished, would be outnumbered thirty to one. Loud die as a martyr to my waning f Emily, but not to those princes I have served and honored and neither to those mercenaries t hat I contracted and compensated. As I was reminiscing those thoughts, Prince De Boring slammed his flask of A amaretto on my table, nearly shattering the flask itself. â€Å"l see! You are the pitiful Mentors, lull ? † De Boring chuckled. â€Å"l see! You are the parasitic De Boring, time quietly retorted as I sipped my flask of Amaretto. 5 â€Å"He he, you have remotely sharpened your diplomacy. I just came by to invite et you to the Mason's festivity tonight.We will have copious amounts of wine and liquor r, appetizer, entrees, and desserts, and fine courtesans. Promise with what little heart I h eve that it will not be a snare to bring your demise, or worse, publicize your ‘fencing affair, even if I consider you such scum under the trampling of the snake of your pathetic family crest. † â€Å"You wouldn't dare. And you know your insignificant crest is simply a fusillade mouse hyena pretending to be in a lion's skin. My pathetic snake as you should call him, would deliver the final blow, even if you were to believe that you would have the last laugh. Slowly felt the tension in the room increase as myriad conversations ceased, flasks ceased to be lifted up to sip, and blades slowly began to whisk away from thee r sheaths. â€Å"Oh, I almost forgot. Fortunate treating us. You should entrust Fortunate wit h some contracts, or should I say en thrust With that final mockery I instantaneously, with the flick of my wrist, withdrew y sword from my sheath faster than Poseidon would've waved his trident to whish a TTS unman to strand Ulysses. I held De Boring by his chin with the sharp edge of my sword. I whish e red, â€Å"l strongly suggest you leave.NO one here, especially l, requires your service. Not even your family crest belongs on your property, if it still belongs to you. † â€Å"You surely jest. Such alliterated fascia you AR† might have lost consciousness for a second as a dark red fluid, dripped on m y blade and squirted on my attire. I then realized that sliced the neck of Prince De Borg a. Immediately, everyone in the winery from the dandies to the princes to the mercenaries t o the peasants drew their blades, and some even drew their firearms. I had no chance to speak as a barrage Of lead, 6 clouds of gunpowder, and shrieks of agony pierced throughout the winery.I r vapidly dropped to the floorboards of the winery under my table, with my bloodied blade in one hand and my halfpenny flask of Amaretto in another, directly staring at the disillusioned eye sees of Prince De Boring as a pool of blood engulfed his rotten being. After a few minutes of vicious brawling, the winery was returned to a placid SST et by my mercenaries present there. Fortunately, I survived the bloody turmoil in the w inner. No one dared to accuse me, Mentors, of my felony, for they knew they would be lunged b y my mercenaries into a bog.Of course, Fortunate had to bribe a few dandies and princes, but then again, that was his specialty. I was to see Fortunate tonight at the Mason's festivity at Prince De Barrio's manor, or shall I say former manor. For an abstruse reason, I was bloodstream as I began to ruminate a possible course of events at the festivity. Then again, no one would d know what fencing .NET between Fortunate and I, for I killed Prince De Boring, and was proud of such an act as my honor was preserved. De Boring never took my crest seriously, but Oh what delight! What classical irony! What classical ignorance!Memo me immune laciest Memo†¦ Me†¦ immune†¦ laciest†¦ I delivered the final blow, and De Boring, such insignificant, insipid, idolatrous, ignominious, imbecile, did not even attempt t o cough a last laugh, or shall I say as a toast to De Boring, cough, a last inning laugh. I cleaned my blade upon his cloak with relish and kicked his head as I left to go to Fortunate Mason party The night of debauchery had drawn on for what seemed like eons. Quickly gar ewe tired of Fortunate and his Mason brethren. Their drunken antics became more and m ore glutinous and disgusting, their voices becoming more clamorous and derisive.I feigned into caution to keep 7 the reality of my torture muted. Within a few hours, the air of the hall had beck mom thick with the vices of the Masons. Joined Fortunate, continuing my charade of drunkenness s in order to not arouse suspicion of my sobriety. Fortunate was speaking loudly, h is voice slur ring and bubbling out of his wine soaked mouth. He could hardly speak for himself, rather the eel as think like a gentlemen around others. The conversation was turned towards the â€Å"conquests† of the men. Fortunate spoke of many women who he had affair with in his youth.I felt my sizzling blood rush through my head and into my palms as I thought of Mary being one of those unfortunate women Not being able to stand it anymore, I grabbed his arm and said, â€Å"Think of Mar y, my friend. † â€Å"Mary is not here, you Old chum. † Fortunate raised his glass and chuckled, â€Å"Eel tutus reminisce upon the great times I had before chew assaulting came along, yes? Hoped my bothered presence would position his mind straight, I hoped that he would shut his bloody awful mouth and reflect upon the fact that he had the only HTH Eng that gave me air as I drowned in this judgmental society.Mary was the only thing that kept m e together, she held me like ceme nt and allowed me to become something more than just the son Of two hardworking servants. How could Fortunate resemble her to the ordinary women of our to wan, it was uncanny to hear such brainless words. He continued to baffle about his great conquest, and gloated with pride in his eyes as he named a few ladies who mistakenly took his mingled words for affection. Co old not stand in that room full of men who felt as if the only significant thing in that moment was to speak of the 8 women who had the misfortune of meeting them. Shed myself out of the basement arranging my hands along the mature wooden rail that kept me from falling. Looked above to the clear sky, searched for something to gain my attention a ND possess my body from going back to the smoky room and committing a terrible mists eke. In the mere distance I heard someone delicately recite my name from their lips. â€Å"Metronomes? Fortunate placed the almost empty glass of wine on the FL or and strolled towards my direc tion. â€Å"Did something go wrong, chum?

Free Essays on ANALYSIS OF THE KEY MARKETING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AFFECTING THE UK NEWSPAPER MARKET

CONTENTS TERMS OF REFERENCE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 PROCEDURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 FINDING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 CONCLUSIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 RECOMMEDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 1. TERMS OF REFERNCE The news corporation the world’s leading publisher of English language newspapers. The news Corporation is singly run by Rupert Murdoch were it as several markets across the globe. The New Corporation would like an independent and objective analysis of their newspaper publishing interests in the UK. 2. PROCEDURE In order to ascertain the precise marketing environmental issues affecting the UK newspaper market I adopted the following procedures: 1) Analysis of the keys marketing environment issues using porter’s five forces 2) Analysis of the Newspapers competitive position: Analyse competitor’s market share to determine the relative power of each organisation in the newspaper market. 3) Environmental priorities – matrix 4) Recommendation 3. FINDINGS The competitive environment include those factors with which the organisation comes into closet contact, factors that have a rather clear and immediate impact on its success. The analytical framework which I’ll be using to analyse the competeitive environment is porter’s five forces which basically outline the COMPETITIVE RIVALRY, THREAT OF ENTRY, THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES, THE POWER OF BUYER, and THE POWER OF SUPPLIERS. The reason why I am using this analytical framework is to illustrate issues that are affecting the newspaper market, to enable the News Corporation to develop a ... Free Essays on ANALYSIS OF THE KEY MARKETING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AFFECTING THE UK NEWSPAPER MARKET Free Essays on ANALYSIS OF THE KEY MARKETING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AFFECTING THE UK NEWSPAPER MARKET CONTENTS TERMS OF REFERENCE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 PROCEDURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 FINDING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 CONCLUSIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 RECOMMEDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 1. TERMS OF REFERNCE The news corporation the world’s leading publisher of English language newspapers. The news Corporation is singly run by Rupert Murdoch were it as several markets across the globe. The New Corporation would like an independent and objective analysis of their newspaper publishing interests in the UK. 2. PROCEDURE In order to ascertain the precise marketing environmental issues affecting the UK newspaper market I adopted the following procedures: 1) Analysis of the keys marketing environment issues using porter’s five forces 2) Analysis of the Newspapers competitive position: Analyse competitor’s market share to determine the relative power of each organisation in the newspaper market. 3) Environmental priorities – matrix 4) Recommendation 3. FINDINGS The competitive environment include those factors with which the organisation comes into closet contact, factors that have a rather clear and immediate impact on its success. The analytical framework which I’ll be using to analyse the competeitive environment is porter’s five forces which basically outline the COMPETITIVE RIVALRY, THREAT OF ENTRY, THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES, THE POWER OF BUYER, and THE POWER OF SUPPLIERS. The reason why I am using this analytical framework is to illustrate issues that are affecting the newspaper market, to enable the News Corporation to develop a ...

Aleksandr solzhenitsyn russian dissident

Aleksandr solzhenitsyn russian dissident *Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was becoming a dissident against the U.S.S.R. and the restricting communist government after he was arrested for the first time. He, through his entire life, was willing to sacrifice everything he had in order to point out that censorship was wrong and people should be able to speak their mind.*His childhood years were very rough. Aleksandr (pronounced Alexander) was born in Kisovodsk, Russia on December 11, 1918 (Academic American Encyclopedia Sno-Sz, p 59). His father was an artillery officer in World War I, and his mother was a typist and stenographer. Aleksandr never knew his father, because he died in a hunting accident before Aleksandr was born. After his father died, the Soviet government only allowed menial employment to his mother, so his family lived in relative poverty. Other than that, Aleksandr's childhood was relatively normal. He was a member of the Pioneers, the Soviet equivalent to Boy Scouts, and later joined the Communist Youth League.Aleksa ndr Rou - Kashchey bessmertnyy aka Kashchei ...At the age of nine he decided he wanted to be a writer, and before he was eighteen he decided that he was going to write a novel about the Russian Revolution. He said that during his childhood he "bore this social tension - on one hand, they used to tell me everything at home, and on the other, they used to work our minds at school. And so this collision between two worlds gave birth to such social tension inside me that somehow defined the path I was to follow for the rest of my life." Aleksandr had little literary education and read few western novels, and later said he regretted it (Major 20TH Century Writers, p 2792-2793).*After grade school Aleksandr went to the University of Rostov-on-Don and graduated in 1941, majoring in mathematics and physics (Encarta...

Avoid Awkward Joint Possessives

Avoid Awkward Joint Possessives Avoid Awkward Joint Possessives Avoid Awkward Joint Possessives By Maeve Maddox Sometimes the best way to deal with conundrums of jointly owned possessions is to retreat and rewrite, especially when one of the owners is represented by a pronoun. When the owners are named, the rule is straightforward enough: When two nouns are used to indicate common ownership, the sign of possession is placed after the second noun: â€Å"This is a picture of John and Mary’s house.† (two people own one house) When two nouns are used to show separate ownership, add the sign of possession to both nouns: â€Å"John’s and Mary’s cars are in the garage.† (two people, separate cars) These rules work with multiple owners, as long as they are all mentioned by name: â€Å"This is a picture of Sam and Jill and John and Mary’s time-share cottage.† (All four have joint ownership of the cottage.) â€Å"Sam’s, Jill’s, John’s, and Mary’s boats are tied to the dock.† (four separate owners of four separate boats) Once we try to replace a name with a pronoun/possessive adjective, however, things start getting uncomfortable. Refresher: Possessive adjectives are pronoun forms that indicate possession; they do not stand for nouns, but stand in front of nouns, like adjectives: my house /our house your house his house, her house, its house/ their house If we change â€Å"This is a picture of John and Mary’s house† to â€Å"This is a picture of John and her house,† we invite ambiguity. Is it a picture of a house belonging to John and Mary, or a picture of John standing by some woman’s house? The usual way an English speaker would get round the problem would be to say â€Å"This is a picture of John’s and her house.† But this would break the rule that reserves the mark of possession for the last partner in the joint construction, although few speakers would fret about it. It’s when pronouns replace both nouns in a joint possession that rewriting the sentence altogether is called for. The following examples were taken from the media: The Chancellor will talk about he and his wife’s relationship. The body was found in her car at she and Kidd’s home in Harrison. The first example is from TV. The use of he is completely out of the ballpark because he is a personal pronoun, not a possessive adjective. We don’t say, â€Å"he wife† or â€Å"he relationship.† The announcer could have avoided the problem by rephrasing the thought as â€Å"The Chancellor will talk about his relationship with his wife,† or â€Å"The Chancellor will talk about his marriage.† The second example is from a news item about a man named Kidd who was suspected of killing his wife. Kidd’s wife had a different surname, a fact that apparently bothered the editor who changed the reporter’s original copy from â€Å"The woman’s body was found in her car at their home in Harrison† to â€Å"The body was found in her car at she and Kidd’s home in Harrison.† As with the first example, a personal pronoun is being used in place of a possessive adjective. We can talk about â€Å"her home,† but not â€Å"she home.† Explaining joint possession can be tricky. Take time to rephrase. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101How Long Should a Paragraph Be?Particular vs. Specific

Film Analysis Paper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film Analysis Paper - Movie Review Example Some of the key characters of the film are Maximus the gladiator or warrior, portrayed by Russell Crowe. Commodus the young Roman Emperor is well played by Joaquin Phoenix. Apart from them, Connie Nielson did the role of Lucilla a capable daughter of the Emperor. And Oliver Reed and Richard Harris are the other significant actors in the film. The film Gladiator is interconnected with the Roman power and ruling strategies and the life style of the people placed and different categories. Marcus Aurelius who an aged emperor of Rome decides to entrust the power of his kingdom to Maximus who is an efficient and respected General of Rome. But Commodus kills his father Marcus with a suffocating hug and further wants to execute Maximus. Whereas, Commodus fails to kill Maximus who flees from the land while latter’s wife and child are mercilessly killed. While escaping Maximus is captured and taken into slavery where he is trained as gladiator and finally moves to Rome with the motive of defeating all even the emperor. In spite of difficulties and hurdles he accomplishes his dream and dies after becoming victorious. This adventures movie is the fruit and result of the Excellency acting too. The actors remarkably contributed, especially Maximus while portraying the character of general undertook many adventures fights. While on the other end, marvelous performance of Commodus playing a negative role also gained the attention of the viewers. Lucilla and Aurelius and the little kid too demonstrated their talent in making the film a unique in every sense. Movie is widely appreciated for its filming techniques. The remarkable areas of this technique go to the image or camera techniques and the sound effects. Shots from different angles and positions made the film eye catching such as close up, medium, long, parallel, high angle, ground and reverse shots. According to Barsam and Monahan, ‘editing juxtaposes individual shots, orders them into scenes, and

Entrepreneurial Action Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Entrepreneurial Action - Coursework Example Future Plans 10 14. Funding request 10 15. Exit strategies 10 Executive Summary Solo Pasta Restaurant is a pasta restaurant located on Holloway Road 7N. The business is owned by four partners that contributed equally to fund the business. Our aim is to grow the business seeing profits in the first year and build recognition and awareness of the business. Ultimately we plan to expand into other markets. Competition is mainly from fast food eateries i.e. McDonalds and a new business that will compete directly with us. Business Idea Concept Solo Pasta Restaurant will serve a variety of pasta, sauces, vegetables and meat. Our service will be unique in that the customers can design his pasta bowl with whatever they want on the pasta. It will seat forty (40) patrons and employ four (4) employees. The planned target market would be first students, because of the location and working adults, as these are the two groups of people that eat out the most. Solo Pasta will offer a twenty percent ( 20%) discount to college students. Solo Pasta will employ skilled workers that can provide for fast friendly service and produce quality foods. In addition to the pasta dishes, Solo Pasta will offer hot drinks and breakfast baguettes. Mission Solo Pasta Restaurant’s mission is to provide quality products with fast friendly service. ... Objectives Solo Pastas objective is to breakeven or post a profit in the first year of operations. We also want to gain 30% of the targeted markets by the end of the first year of operations. SWOT Analysis Strengths Solo Pasta was first to open at its location and it has already began to develop a loyal clientele. Many of the same customers stop in for coffee or tea and breakfast baguettes day after day, and the same is true of our lunch and dinner clientele. Many of our customers have taken advantage of our promotions of free coffee and twenty percent (20%) student discounts. Financially Solo Pasta is exceeding the breakeven point on a daily basis as of the second month of operation. Furthermore we offer a unique product and service by allow customers to design the contents of their pasta bowls. Solo pasta has above average quality of product and excels in customer service. Additionally our location is a benefit as we are in the heart of north campus and close to the tube on Hollowa y Road. Weaknesses Solo Pasta utilizes no outside funding. This limits the amount that can be spent on advertising. Solo Pasta has a limited number of seating capacity. Presently, Solo Pasta does not offer a carry out service. Opportunities Solo Pasta could seek out investors to increase the amount of funds available for advertising. Solo Pasta could develop a carry out service to increase number of daily customers they could serve. Solo Pasta could run additional promotions to increase sales. Solo Pasta could advertise on local or collegiate television and radio stations. Threats Solo Pasta face a threat from the new restaurant that just opened. The threats posed by the new restaurant, unlike other eateries on Holloway, serve

Science Activities in the Kindergarten Term Paper

Science Activities in the Kindergarten - Term Paper Example Science Activities in the Kindergarten Parents and teachers must ensure that they adequately expose children to the basic realities of life, with an educative approach; appropriate to their age group. Teachers play one of the most influential roles during ‘early childhood’ since they spend anywhere between four to eight hours a day with their students during their formative years. This makes it imperative for teachers to develop and inculcate the qualities of listening, understanding, respecting and empathizing, so that they may improve on their relationships with students. ‘Counseling skills’ form an integral part of training programs that are specially designed for teachers and have been found to have a long – term impact on the social learning and psychological wellbeing of the students (Hutchins & Vaught, 1997). As a newly appointed pre – school teacher at an international school, I would be expecting a dynamic, diverse, multi – cultural classroom environment. The age gro up of the children in my class would be in the category of three to five year olds. Some of the children’s families would hail from white backgrounds while a majority would come from families that are of diverse origins such as Asians, Africans, Arabs, Native Americans, etc. Some may be well versed with the American way of life, language of English as well as the customs. Cultural attributes may vary between individualist and collectivist tendencies. Communication is believed to be dependent on two factors: ‘the speaker’ (usually the teacher) and ‘an active addressee’ (the pupil), both of whom need to actively participate and differentiate as per the social and cultural environment (Poimenidou and Christidou, 2010). Culture is believed to influence participation, acquisition, transmission and invention. However, the children and their families who hail from diverse backgrounds may not be very conversant in English, may be of a different cultural mind set and may require time and assistance in adapting to the new environment. The one ‘diverse background’ that I would like to focus on is the ‘Asian community’. The Asian community has always intrigued me due to its tremendous sub classification and branches within itself. The most amazing fact is that, within the Asian community, cultures are so varied and different from each other. ‘Asians’ include people from China, India, Pakistan, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore (to name a few). Chinese, Koreans and Japanese individuals characteristically possess physical characteristics such as distinctly slanted eyes and a rather small build. In general, Indians, Pakistanis and those from Singapore and Malaysia have a darker skin tone than their Chinese or Japanese counterparts. Historically, India and Pakistan were under the British rule until the year of independence and partition respectively.   China  is one of the world's oldest  c ivilizations, ruled by various dynasties at different time periods, culminating in the Chinese Civil War and proclamation of the People’s Republic of China. Japan evolved from the Meiji period and was occupied by the United States up to the year 1952, following which it attained significant economic growth. Singapore was conquered by the Japanese during the World War II; however, followed by British rule and was finally declared an independent republic in the year 1965. Traditionally, these communities were rather conservative in their approach and hierarchical in structure, wherein males and senior individuals

PRODUCTION AND COST Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PRODUCTION AND COST - Term Paper Example ystems continue to drive costs of cross-border flows down, local and national economies continue to integrate, gradually or in shocks, into global economy. Clearly, present increasing integration into global economy in developing and developed nations alike is not a simple and direct result of communication and technological advances. This is, rather, a complex mosaic shaped by processes, institutions, and, more significantly, players. In present argument, a statement is made about globalization as a historical process which has immensely shaped international trade and global economy. Globalization is first discussed as an integrating process for national economies, leading to further integration of world’s economy as a whole. Then, a discussion of wider implications for globalization follows. Yet, since processes are not independent but are created, driven, or motivated via institutions and governing laws and rules, significance of international law, more specifically international economic law, is explored. Rules, laws, and regulations of World Trade Organization (WTO), as a unique international trade body, are given particular focus. [T]he process of greater interdependence among countries and their citizens. It consists of increased integration of product and resource markets across nations via, trade, immigration, and foreign investment – that is, via international flows of goods and services, of people, and of investment such as equipment, factories, stocks, and bonds. It also includes noneconomic elements such as culture and the environment. Simply put, globalization is political, technological, and cultural, as well as economic. (Carbaugh 2) As such, globalization accounts for increasing integration of national economies and, further still, for greater efficiencies in production as more and more jobs are outsourced globally (Carbaugh 6) and as more products are increasingly manufactured abroad (Carbaugh 14) for a host of reasons, not least lower

Decision on the New System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decision on the New System - Essay Example Specifically, HRMS encompass payroll, work time, administration of benefits, HR management system which covers the course from the employees' application to retirement, recruiting, and training. In consideration of how this new system will be installed in the business organization, it is imperative that it consider the cost and benefits of developing in-house versus outsourcing. In order to do so, we will look at the processes that the company will need to undertake in each alternative. For a decision to outsource, the company will simply search for a reliable company in the market which can supply it with an already existing system. The demand for HRMS has already generated manufacturers which gained expertise in building this system. In recognition of the differing needs of companies, these manufacturers also offer customizable systems to suit the preferences of their clients. Thus, it is possible for the company to find a supplier which will make possible the design of an HRMS which is specifically tailored for its needs. Haag and Cummings outline the major processes of software development within a company which include: project planning; feasibility study, and initiation stage; recruitments gathering and systems analysis; systems design; building; testing; installation, implementation or deployment; and maintenance.

Economic Considerations Should be the Basis of Tort Law Essay

Economic Considerations Should be the Basis of Tort Law - Essay Example Intentional torts on the other hand refer to harm or injury caused to a person or persons by the intentional misconduct of another or others. Theft, assault, arson and fraud are good examples of causes of intentional torts. Liability torts tend to focus on the damages resulting from a person's act rather than the intention. This means that if an action causes harm, the performer of the same is liable regardless of whether they exercised the expected degree of care or not or whether the action was maliciously done or was a result of an accident. The economic framework states that each society has laws, institutions, policies which lead to inequitable distributions of economic resources and burdens among members of any given society. These economic frameworks because human political processes which eventually lead to change, both across and within societies with time. Structurally these frameworks are beneficial as the economic distributions arising from them usually affect human live. The tort law has over time evolved in many jurisdictions to consider the legal and economical implications since these are the two most important aspects of the tort laws.One theory that has developed is the deterrence theory. This theory is most applicable in accident prevention. Essential the theory aims at reducing the occurrence of accidents by making those responsible for the accident bear heavy financial cost for their unsafe conduct. General and specific deterrence are handled quite differently in tort law. The tort law admonitory effect largely dictates on how specific deterrence goes. Insurance services, however, cushion the defendant from feeling the adverse effects of this approach to tort law. In traffic accidents for instance, the motorist who causes the accident hardly feels a pinch from the monetary damages they are required to pay as the same is catered for by insurance services. The deterrence is completely lost. Deterrence theory has been said to change the primar y focus of the tort law. The crafter of the tort law intended to reduce injury through deterring behavior likely to cause harm. a careful and critical analysis of the tort law however proves that the approach of deterring through burdening those who cause harm financially may not have the desired effect due to several factors. The approach assumes that in the normal conditions, people tend hold maximization of wealth as their primary goal. This may not be strictly true in all societies. The theory further makes the assumption that there exists a large psychological relationship between safer conduct and tort law as people will tend to behave more safely to avoid being subjected to tort fines. This assumption tends to suggest that people behave rationally and are guided by projected consequences of their actions. This is not the case on the ground. Studies have shown that a driver is more likely to commit an accident if they have been fined for an earlier accident. Human nature has b een described by many classical philosophers as being rebellious. Once a driver has caused an accident and has gotten away with just a fine, they do not improve their driving since their minds are unconsciously programmed that all they will have to do is to pay a fine if they cause an accident.2 The most fundamental question that ought to be asked when analyzing the deterrence theory is: Does tort law really deter? Economic analysis largely dominates legal discussion on tort law. This is in order because the economic aspect of the same cannot be

Decision on the New System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decision on the New System - Essay Example Specifically, HRMS encompass payroll, work time, administration of benefits, HR management system which covers the course from the employees' application to retirement, recruiting, and training. In consideration of how this new system will be installed in the business organization, it is imperative that it consider the cost and benefits of developing in-house versus outsourcing. In order to do so, we will look at the processes that the company will need to undertake in each alternative. For a decision to outsource, the company will simply search for a reliable company in the market which can supply it with an already existing system. The demand for HRMS has already generated manufacturers which gained expertise in building this system. In recognition of the differing needs of companies, these manufacturers also offer customizable systems to suit the preferences of their clients. Thus, it is possible for the company to find a supplier which will make possible the design of an HRMS which is specifically tailored for its needs. Haag and Cummings outline the major processes of software development within a company which include: project planning; feasibility study, and initiation stage; recruitments gathering and systems analysis; systems design; building; testing; installation, implementation or deployment; and maintenance.

Feedback and its importance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feedback and its importance - Coursework Example Positive feedback encourages the speaker whereas negative feedback results in demoralizing the speaker. Different Types of Feedback There are four basic types of feedback, which include effective feedback, evaluative feedback, descriptive feedback, and motivational feedback. Let us discuss all of them in some detail. Effective Feedback A person giving effective feedback focuses one aspect of message at a time rather than giving the feedback for the whole message. Effective feedback makes the speaker improve their statement based on the feedback that they receive from the audience. This type of feedback is widely used in the presentations given by the students in universities. Evaluative Feedback This type of feedback is based on some set standards. The goal of giving evaluative feedback is to make the speaker know whether his or her actions or message match the standards or not. Evaluative feedback is also used in universities to measure the performance of the students. Descriptive F eedback Descriptive feedback is deeply associated with the performance of a person. Descriptive feedback makes a person know where he actually stands and what action he needs to take in order to improve the work. Descriptive feedback is used in all fields of life with the sole purpose to bring improvement in the actions. Motivational Feedback This type of feedback is used to motivate or encourage the other person.

Recording, analysing and using HR information Essay Example for Free

Recording, analysing and using HR information Essay It is beneficial for a business to collect a variety of data to gain an understating of its performance to satisfy compliance legislation. However the information collected needs to be useful, relevant and selective. Raw data collected can be converted into useful information. It is important for human resources (HR) to collect data to meet legal requirements, keep necessary contact details of employees, records all contractual arrangements and to provide supporting information in the event of a claim that may be made against an organisation. It also supports an organisation when making decisions. Data can be collected in two different types of formats within an organisation. These are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative is data collected numerically which allows for data to be measured and calculated. Quantitative is a descriptive method of collecting data. This type of data can be observed but not measured. These two different types of data support HR practices in a number of different ways, such as, showing patterns of absence relating to employees, highlighting any learning and development requirements that an individual may require, trends’ in staff turnover and key performance indicators. Customer feedback can also be obtained to allow a business to improve it services and costs can also be easily monitored. HR data can be stored by a number of different methods each having advantages and disadvantages. Data can be stored electronically and non-electronically. Storing data electronically can be beneficial as it is easy to access, can be shared easily and takes up less space. Online HR systems are available to employees where data and information can be added and updated by an individual and also can be accessed by one or more people such as line managers. This is useful for appraisals and monitoring performance. Storing data electronically through databases is also more secure than manual documents. Sorting data manually such as diaries, word processing documents and paper based surveys also has its benefits as it can be more cost effective to a business and cannot be easily lost where electronic data could be. Also employees require less training to store and organise manual data. There is an array of different UK legislations currently enforced relating to data and legislation is in place to enforce correct storing, recording and accessibility of data. One of these UK legislations are The Data Protection Act, The information commissioner has produced a code of conduct relating to the data protection act. This applies to personal data held and the legitimate grounds for this being held, which information is classed as sensitive and cannot be gathered without explicit permission. Another type of current UK legislation is the Human Rights act. This confers the right of respect of privacy on individuals and provides for employees in the public sector to take legal actions against their employer of they consider their rights infringed.

Inequality in the European Union (EU) Essay -- European Union Essays

Cumulative European Union (EU) enlargements to include relatively less developed countries such as Bulgaria and Romania, along with the possibility of future EU status being granted to Turkey and Albania (EC, 2011), raises further questions about inequality in the European Union. The global recession has bought the issue of labour market models and resulting inequities back into the forefront political discourse, as government cutbacks necessitate the reappraisal of welfare states and labour market policy. This essay will analyse both differing labour market models and the EU labour market as a whole to explain why EU countries have heterogeneous inequities. Overall, within countries, differing interplay of welfare states, varieties of capitalism and employment structures has a profound effect on levels of inequality within labour markets; particularly post EU-crisis when rapid change exacerbated many inequalities. Additionally, the macro EU labour market would appear to create ineq uality, particularly because of the free movement of labour. It seems despite having a labour market branded as homogenous (SiniÄ Ãƒ ¡kovà ¡, 2011), Europe’s interacting varieties of capitalism and employment legislation have created a heterogeneous continent; with equally diverse inequalities. Gosta Esping-Andersen’s 1990 book The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism remains a convenient starting point for examining the capacity different labour models have to create inequality. Despite criticism for being out-dated and of limited relevance given the homogenous nature of Andersen’s typologies, their intuitive coherence means they go some way in explaining patterns of inequality in the EU (Goodin, 1999). The liberal model of welfare capitalism puts ma... ...dersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press. Hall, P., & Soskice, D. (2001). Varieties of capitalism: The institutional foundations of comparative advantage. (P. Hall & D. Soskice, Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rosewarne, S. (2010). Globalisation and the Commodification of Labour: Temporary Labour Migration. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 20(2), 99–110. Schmid, K. D., & Stein, U. (2013). Explaining Rising Income Inequality in Germany, 1991-2010. IMK, 32(1), 1–45. SiniÄ Ãƒ ¡kovà ¡, M. (2011). Homogeneity of the European Union from the Point of View of Labour Market. Journal of Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education, 17–28. Spicker, P. (2008). Social policy: themes and approaches (p. 307). Policy Press. Standing, G. (1999). Global labour flexibility: Seeking distributive justice. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Push and Invisible Man - Nobody Is Truly Invisible Essays -- Push, Inv

Precious and her family members are invisible to the larger world because they don’t posses any skill that enables them to make even the slightest difference in the world. The tests that Precious take show her lack of intelligence and only amplify her inferiority to the people around her. When you’re invisible, nobody treats you with respect; in the beginning of the book, everyone treats Precious like worthless trash. Though, later, she becomes visible again through the people she meets at the alternative school, and the birth of her second baby, Abdul. The two authors, the author of Push and the author of Invisible Man, both use the metaphor of invisibility to describe their main characters, but do so in different ways. In Push, Precious is invisible because of her inferiority to her peers and her lack of education. She struggles to find love and acceptance. However, in Invisible Man, the main character considers himself socially invisible, not being able to have a say in anything he does or any argument, despite the numerous rallies and protests that he performs speeches at. He...

Discrimination and Stereotyping

Prejudice, stereotype and discrimination are merely against for anyone for any reasons as they were defined(Rand, Sowell, & Epstein, 2007). Prejudice, a feeling based not a belief based, is referred to as unconstructive judgment or opinion figured out lacking familiarity and knowledge on facts. It is only a feeling based on assumptions without considering any prior facts about the group being prejudge. Prejudice is often based on stereotype. One great cause of prejudice is the differences on skills, talents, beliefs and experience even though sometimes these differences benefit us.For an instance, on social classes, we feel wealthy classes are said to be superior to any other classes in society. Stereotype is referred to conventional opinion as any mental image of social group regardless of individual differences. At some point, stereotype can also be seen in positive outlook, for an instance the stereotype for Asian Americans being good in the field of Mathematics. Stereotype is som etimes the foundation of prejudice. Discrimination being known to as prejudice in action, it referred to as the unlikely treatment for other people in terms of race, culture or religion.An example is the discrimination on African Americans due to their color, treating them unequally from the White Americans(Educators, 2006). Prejudice, stereotype and discriminations have some negative impacts on the society as they may are said to be harmful behaviors. It may lead to limitations of opportunities for people who said to be of lesser standard than others (Phone, 2007). The limitations may be of many cases like in popularity, achieving no equal rights to gain popularity. In employment and promotion, only those think and believe to be capable of the job were brought in to employment and get promoted.In having rights and power, like the black who does not have equal privileges as white ones. The Scenerio Prejudice, stereotype and discrimination on the scenario or case of Elizabeth who is a second-grade school teacher is exemplified. There exists discrimination when he only praises Walt than Ricky, just because Ricky comes from a lower class society and on the other hand Walt from middle class, Elizabeth provides not equal treatment as should praise both of them when answers correctly and should giving a helping hand for both of the students whenever they commit mistake which was merely opposite to the scenario.The action done by Elizabeth is the harmful behavior of discrimination. She shows no favorable response for Ricky being in the lower class. Stereotypically speaking, the scenario shows stereotype behavior because Elizabeth believes that Walt has greater knowledge the Ricky. Elizabeth may be in doubt of Ricky’s intelligence that is why she does have not significant time praising him and helping him and not giving equal chances for both students to show what they have got..And also the prejudice behavior relates with stereotype, while Elizabeth believes n ot for Ricky’s capabilities, she does a pre judgment that maybe Ricky will took hard time to cope up even though it is only his opinion. And that opinion may lead to hasty generalization or wrong generalization. The scenario or case being tackled is only one of those situations that involve prejudice, stereotype and discrimination. The case may affect both students, Walt and Ricky, but in opposite and much different manner. For Walt, it may be a positive effect on him for instance that he may live a world with praises which can help him develop self esteem.On the other hand, Ricky might suffer fear of interacting with other people of different class with him. He may become a victim of limitations from opportunities as one of the main result of prejudice, stereotype and discrimination. He might also lose his privilege and freedom to learn and also his right as a child to new more about his world and surroundings. Implicit Association Test In connection with prejudice, stereoty pe and discrimination, I took the Implicit Association Test. This test shows whether I had hidden biases towards different people. In the IAT, I took the Weapons (‘Weapons – Harmless Objects' IAT) .An IAT which require the ability to recognize White and Black faces and associate them with images of weapons or harmless objects. The result of my test was your data suggest a slight association of Black Americans with Weapons compared to White Americans (corp. , 2007). The result dictates that I slightly relate harmful objects with Black Americans which I think not necessary true to myself. Maybe the pressure of doing the test with time limit also affects the result because of my eagerness to finish the test. I don’t consider Black Americans as harmful people and so I assume that the research tool was not accurate.The Implicit Association test is I can say a not reliable or accurate tool to be used. Many things could affect the result, it can be affected by being rig ht handed or left handed either. The key we are able to press most likely just conform to our most used hand or finger. Another one was the pressure on time, where it is also stated there that we just need to press the right key in a short time. Even though as I have said not accurate tool to used, It is only matters for the reason the it is an interesting and enjoying tool for us to know about our hidden biases on different races, culture or religion. Reference: corp., I. (2007). You have completed the Race – Weapons IAT. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/Study?tid=-1. Educators. (2006). Dealing with Stereotyping, Prejudice, Discrimination, and Scapegoating [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from http://www.esrnational.org/antidiscriminationlesson.htm. Phone, K. H. (2007). Violence/Abuse [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from http://kidshelp.sympatico.ca/en/informed/sub_prejudices.asp?sec=3&sb=2. Rand, A., Sowell, T., & Epstein, R. (2007). Ethnic Prejudice, Stereotypes, Discrimination, and the Free Market [Electronic Version]. Retrieved June 29, 2007 from http://www.friesian.com/discrim.htm. Â  

Global Food Prices

Why Did Global Food Prices Rise? 1. Farmers in the United States and in Europe benefit from government policies to promote the production of ethanol because they receive government subsidies to produce crops that can be turned into biofuels and it gives the farmers an incentive to plant crops such as corn and soybeans. However, this policy harms foreign producers of these foreign crops. Since U. S. nd European farmers have subsidies, they have lower costs than the foreign farmers and the foreign farmers may struggle to compete. The high tariffs on imported sugar cane in the United States and Europe benefit the American and European farmers of corn and soybeans because since the price of sugar cane is higher, sugar cane farmers cannot compete with the other farmers. These farmers who produce crops such as soybeans and corn used to create biofuel benefit because the cost of producing these crops is lower than sugar.Thus, the American and European farmers of corn and soybeans benefit, w hile farmers of sugar cane, such as Brazilian farmers, are harmed because they cannot compete in the American and European market for biofuel because their prices are higher due to the tariffs. The environment is also harmed because the biofuel made out of sugar cane burns cleaner than ethanol made of corn or soybeans. 2. With the risk of the food supply in poorer nations being dramatically reduced, leading to malnourishment and starvation, rich countries should assist in preventing this phenomenon from happening.Rich countries could help lower the food prices by not giving subsidies to farmers who produce crops that are used to produce biofuels. Since the subsidy gives farmers incentives to farm crops such as corn and soybeans, it takes away resources and land to produce other crops used primarily for consumption. If countries stop giving subsidies for crops used to produce ethanol, more energy and resources can therefore be used to farm crops used primarily for food, such as wheat .If more food crops are produced, the price will go down for these crops due to the theory of supply and demand, since there will be more food for consumption. By eliminating subsidies on crops such as soybeans and corn, wealthier nations can help increase the food supply, which will benefit poorer nations. 3. In terms of creating a healthier environment, the governments should continue to distribute subsidies to farmers of crops used to create ethanol because it will expedite the transition from gasoline to ethanol, thus creating cleaner energy sources faster.However, from a free trade standpoint, the subsidies give foreign producers of similar or substitute crops to be at a disadvantage because the subsidies favor domestic farmers through decreasing costs. I think the best policy to implement to lower CO2 emissions without further inhibiting trade would be to keep the subsidies at the level they currently are at because cleaning up the environment is a serious and important concer n, but it should not be done if it causes significant harm to free trade and market systems.

Company Assessment

We have examined the characteristics of the organization of graduates, retention rate, and persistence that will help students graduate and pursue employment in their field. We evaluated each students program from Associates, Bachelors, Masters, and Doctoral programs at Argosy university. The most significant cause of fault is the students first semester. As a result, if a student can make it pass their first semester, then the chances of them continuing In the program Increases dramatically.The research shows that the over the last two years student enrollment has dropped. As University we want to encourage students to graduate from our school with their diploma and have them employed with in the first year of earning their degree. The report states that people are unaware of the university and we want to Increase the amount of awareness about the school. Numbers are on the rise but it is not the numbers that we want to be. Consumer knowledge needs to be increased about the Universi ty and establish a reputable reputation.Argosy University latest decision was put forth by the Research and Development department. They evaluated the report to focus on target marketing of highly populated areas. This report assesses the challenge to bring in new students and increase the awareness of the university. The new direction of the University over the years to come is to increase the amount of student body and graduates. Interviewer – Interviewee – Value of a Team Environment: Admission Representatives, 2 Academic Counselors, 2 Student Finance Counselors and 1 manager.It is their Job to help enroll each student into class, make sure their Financial Aid is correct, and to make sure that each student is prepared for the first class. The team works well together with communication and helping each other tit information that is needed for the student. Depending on the circumstance of the student it can impact the way the team is operating. For example, a student can be missing information on their Financial Aid, they can be in default, or they might not be in contact with the Admissions Representative. The biggest they lack is new ways to open up the opportunity of the Admissions Representatives.It all starts with the Admissions Representative. If the AR is in a bad mood then he or she could lose the students interest right away. It is important to keep up the motivation of each AR in order to increase enrollment. Because the Admissions Representatives are not allowed to receive compensation for the amount of students they enroll. It is pure determination that allows someone to succeed because there is no reward for the AR. Each person has a different need and it is up to the manager to see what motivates each employee to become successful.According to the article, The Value of Teamwork, by David Tenant, â€Å"The talents that are brought from others in different areas of the company strengthen a team. Plus, by working together to form th e team's objectives, approach, and planning, they will generally become a cohesive unit that an also adapt and change as new challenges become apparent. It is through this mechanism that teams are surpassing individual performance within companies? and companies are taking notice. † Recommendation: It is important that everyone on the team communicates properly.Make sure that everyone is communicating by e-mail or even in the meeting that are set up everyday. Create a checklist that needs to be filled out and initialed by each team member, to make sure that the student is moving through the process efficiently. Have the manager go to each person, individually, and see how the student is moving wrought the process. This will help everyone be into the details and it everyone will be in communication of the process. Job satisfaction of the employees: When it comes to the satisfaction of the employees, there is a stand of 50/50.While the majority of employees love their Job, they sometimes feel overwhelmed, stressed, or even feel overlooked for some of the positions. People want more responsibilities and they want to feel like they are contributing to the team. Some of the employees help out the manager by running morning meetings, setting up charts, and assisting other employees when needed. There has been a resent layoff and some employees are worried about keeping their Jobs. Ryan's tells his employees to stay focus on the student, what their fears are, get to know them, and see how we can assist the student to get into college.When we focus on the confirmed need of the student, we realize how we better assist them obtain their degree. One of the ways that Ryan makes sure that his employees are happy at work doing something different, employees don't feel like they are doing the same monotonous routine. So sometimes they will have mini trainings, play games, or a reassert chat. The breakfast chat can be about anything they want. It took a while for the em ployees to trust Ryan but they started to come around and have been building great relationships with all of his employees.Recommendation: Have a meeting with each employee and ask them what they would like to change. If people are tired of the routine, then have an appreciation day for your employee. How does the company communicate change: In this industry company changes happen all the time. It is sometimes communicated in big group settings, small meetings, e-mails, or in the morning addles. Recently there was a change in structure of the amount of Directors that are in the position. They went from 8 Directors to 4. Even though the change impacted only a certain amount of employees, it however reduced that position by 50%.It required more work by the other Directors but it was a change that needed to eliminate the â€Å"dead weight. † Efforts made to motivate your employees: There are many way s to motivate an employee so that he or she is willing to do their Job. Ryan ta kes this part of his Job very seriously and he takes great interest in his employees. There are four things Ryan takes to heart as a manager, he takes interest in the future of his employee's career, in their work-life, listens, and helps them anyway he can.Ryan says, â€Å"In order to have great employees, you need to have a genuine interest in all of your employees. It has worked and it has generated results. † Manager's who take interest in their employees, generally have people who are not willing to put fourth the extra effort. I believe that when you have a manager, like Ryan, who really cares about you, not Just an employee but as a person, you aspect them more and you are willing â€Å"to go the distance† if they ever need you too. My suggestion for this topic is to talk to your employees.Everyone has a different intrinsic and extrinsic type of motivation. It is up to the manager to seek out each employee and see what his or need may consist of. I think that hi s falls in line to getting to know your employee. You might find out things you never knew about them, simply by doing a one on one. Assistance offered in helping your employees to deal with stress management: This is a very high pressured Job and sometimes it can get overwhelming. That is why to make sure that you commit yourself to doing a one on one with each employee.If you find yourself in a situation where someone is not reacting well, then you as a manager, need to address that situation. Everyone is different and it is up to you as a manager that you handle the situation properly. One way to get an employee out of the stress is to have them get up and take a walk. This will help them calm down and then get back to the work at hand. Taking walks is a great way to relieve stress. It gives you the opportunity to breathe and focus on what is important. This is why we have breaks in the workplace.Take advantage of your breaks and try not to think of work. This will help you reset and focus on the rest of your day. It is important to know your role as a manager and how to help people succeed. If people are not succeeding then maybe you are not doing your Job as a manager. A great manager knows his or team and they help people who are managers who helped me through the tough times, I work harder for them than anyone else. References: The Value of Teamwork By David Tenant, conference's. Org/gemmed/ DVTTheValueofTeamwork. PDF

Post War US Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Post War US Policy - Essay Example The historical and political reasons for the Soviet strategy and the American Policy and the cold war played important role, influencing the whole world. Even though the relationship between United States and Soviet Union are observed in the perspective of post World War II experiences and in relation with Stalin’s expansionist policies, there are other influential factors. Soviet tried to develop Soviet Bloc of satellites in Eastern Europe and took major steps to influence the major portion of the world. Historical Evidences: Tocqeville(1966), made an observation of the relationship between these two giant nations over a century and a half past. He interprets that they were bound to play influential role in the world history. John Gaddis(1978) finds out the routes of American- Soviet relations back to two hundred years, the time of American Revolution. From that time till World war I, almost for a century, both these nations maintained cordial relationships and kept ideology separated from diplomacy. The American action of purchasing Alaska, made a major change in the cordiality between American-Russian relationship and resulted into gradual deterioration over the period of time. The activities of Soviet during World War II, including the attack on Finland, following Hitler’s attack on Soviet had given rise to new dimension to American-Soviet relations which further turned into a Cold war.

Evaluating Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evaluating Contracts - Essay Example ract on the other hand is one whereby the government compensates the contractor for the total admissible costs that are incurred during the implementation of the contract. Such contracts are normally used for purposes of study as well as progression, especially with non-profit corporations. The contractor stands to gain nothing in this kind of contract (Shealey, 1938). Fixed price contracts have both advantages and disadvantages for the supplier. For the service provider, the contract means he or she is able to tell how much they are to be reimbursed for their services. The contractor does not have to be concerned about the changing elements or quibble with the customer about the cost of materials. Elements as well as prices are set prior to the commencement of the job. Another benefit is that, while the contractor risks facing costs that higher than anticipated, it also is not compulsory for it to miscue savings if the costs prove otherwise. Dealing with such contracts enables the purveyor gain a lot of practical experience with the sort of contracts that potential clientele e.g. the government would prefer. A disadvantage with these agreements is that a lot of the financial risk is placed on the service provider than the client. After the pact has been put in place with a steady permanent price, the client is under no obligation to cover or pay higher costs. A cost reimbursement agreement has its perks and pitfalls as well. These contracts are time and again used when long term worth is of greater vitality than cost. As opposed to the fixed price contract, here, the service provider has very little reason to cut edges. The end cost could be less than the fixed price contract since the contractor is not gratified to inflate prices so as to cover hazards. Conversely, the contract does not provide sufficient certainty as to what the final cost will be. There is not as much of incentive as there is in the other type of agreement. Additional management and oversight

First thing First Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

First thing First - Essay Example I said, "Honey, Pastor Jamal is going to be on Paula White Ministry and youve got to see it." He said "Ok." I was happy that he was willing to watch with me. As he stood in the middle of the room watching, I stood right behind him. After the program was off, I asked what his thought on first fruit was. He said it made sense. After introducing the idea to him, I left the room. I waited until the next morning and while we were sitting at the table I said, " Honey, I was hoping you give first fruit with your first paycheck in January." He understood why I wanted him to participate and loved how I explained it to him, but he had already made plans to use the money for something else. There was no changing his mind. He had his heart set on using his first pay check to purchase parts for his motorcycle. Since getting his motorcycle chrome out was a big deal to him, I had to drop the issue for the moment, but I was not finished with him yet. Later that evening I repeated what he had said about first fruit and how he agreed that it is important back to him. He finally said, "Well, I knew you were going to do what you wanted anyway. If it makes you happy go ahead." After thinking about it, I did not use his check for first fruit. I paid the bills and decided to ask about giving first fruit two months before the New Year. I would still use the same approach, but I would start earlier in getting him prepared to give up his whole pay

The American Cancer Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The American Cancer Society - Essay Example According to the ACS (2015), nearly 1.5 million new incidences of cancer occur in the United States yearly. This rise in cancer cases has been attributed to various causes. ACS states that cancer is caused by exposure to specific chemicals such as lead and asbestos. Exposure to radiation also causes or increases the probability of developing cancer. In addition, genetics plays a vital role in causing cancer. Some cancer types are caused by genetics which are transferred from generation to generation. Poor lifestyle factors can also lead to cancer, for example, poor diet and the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle (Kitahara et al., 2012). Smoking tobacco has also been linked to lung cancer. Cancer policies should focus more on prevention measures. Further, the public should be educated about the significance of regular screening practices. Regular screening practices will help health care professionals to detect the ailment early before it progresses. These practices will minimize the incidence of cancer in the United States. The ACS (2015) funds the palliative care research program to a tune of 26 million dollars. Through this program, ACS will improve the quality of life for patients. Subsequently, the negative side effects from cancer will be minimized. Thus, the program will aid in improving the lives of cancer patients and their families. More than 60% of cancer patients undergo painful treatment procedures leading to a reduction in quality of life.

Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Epistemology - Essay Example Different idealists have a different perception regarding how the substance is dependent on the consciousness. Therefore there are many diverse types of idealism. Subjective idealism is mainly simple and it can be said that this type of idealism is the most popular type of idealism. These idealists believe that substance is formed from the rational elements of the mind which examine it. For example, the feeling spectators have when going through a number of sensations is all that there actually is to those sensations. Subjective idealism might look a bit odd although there is the existence of definite reasoning behind it. Absolute idealism is the belief that the reality of tangible things rely on one fundamental psychological reality and not on the psychological elements of each person as an observer. These idealists believe that there is only one fundamental mental or holy object or standard whose psychological action and element strengthens the continuation of the tangible world. P luralistic idealism is a belief that numerous individual minds exist and jointly they motivate the subsistence of the world. They believe that person mind is the main foundation of reality.The term idealism was first coined by Leibniz (1646-1716), he used this term to while talking about the philosophy of Plato. However, in the history, this term normally signifies a time period from the end of the 1700s till the initial years of the next century. In actuality, idealism has a much wider historical scale.

Optic Flow Essay Example for Free

Optic Flow Essay The study of optic flow becomes much more complicated when the movement of an observer towards a surface or object is not straight on. In fact, even in the more straightforward condition of straight ahead condition, Gibsons mathematical analysis was wrong. In situations when, for example, we are walking or driving, it is commonly necessary to estimate the chances of collision with an object or surface towards which we are moving obliquely. Similarly, we dont always look straight ahead when moving. The resulting oblique relationships between angle of gaze, direction of movement, and converging paths are much more difficult to analyze. Cutting (1996; Cutting et al. , 1999), has made major contributions to the study of perception during motion by enriching knowledge of the complexities of optic flow. Sensory stimulation is a chemical process which occurs between the human body and brain. When we experience sensation, body is exposed to some type of sensory stimulation. The sensory receptors then receive this information, and transmit it to the brain using neural impulses, or neurotransmitters. There it is interpreted into the correct sensation. Sensations are the basic building blocks of perception. Perception is the process of organizing and making sense of sensory input. Perception allows us to better interpret the information sensory receptors receive, and form images of the world around us. Transduction is what happens when the receptors transform the energies they receive into a form that can be interpreted and utilized by the nervous system. Human beings are able to experience various sensations because the nervous system encodes the messages we are receiving and interpreting. In his doctrine of specific nerve energies, Johannes Muller theorizes that different sensory modes exist because the information received by sensory receptors stimulates different synapses when traveling back to the brain. This is known as anatomical encoding. This type of encoding determines which sensory organ is activated by a certain type of stimulation, according to which specific neural pathway it travels. (Wade, Tavris, 2006). Anatomical Encoding and Sensory Modalities Anatomical encoding does not totally explain how or why different sensory modalities exist independently. Scientists found it difficult to link specific skin senses to individual neural pathways; neither does the doctrine of specific nerve energies explain variations of stimulus within a certain sensory experience, i. . the softness of an animals fur versus the coarseness of sandpaper, or the distinction between the colors light blue and dark blue. A second type of encoding, called functional encoding, is therefore required to make sense of these differentials in sensory perception. According to Wade and Tavris, functional codes rely on the fact that sensory receptors and neurons fire, or are inhibited from firing, only in the presence of specific sorts of stimuli (2006). This means that any given time, some neurons are firing, and some are not. The information regarding the rate of, number of, and patterning of each cells firing is what forms a particular functional code. Sensory adaptation occurs when continual exposure to the same sensory stimulus results in decreased sensitivity to the presented stimulus. Basically this means that given enough time, senses learn to become accustomed to the stimulation receptors gather. The sensory system brings information regarding environment to brains. They help us to interact with environment. The sensory system is made up of five senses, which correspond to five sense organs. The five senses are vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. These correspond with the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose. Each of these contains sensory neurons, which transmit impulses to the central nervous system. The information is processed and from that we receive a perception which we interpret and which may change behavior accordingly. This is called Transduction which is the process of the receptors changed the information they receive into a form which the nervous system can utilize. Spatial Projection and The Surface Of The Body Up To The Cortex The visual, auditory, and somatic systemsindeed, all the sensesseem to maintain a spatial projection from the surface of the body up to the cortex. Moreover, connections in each system must be very precise for the signals from the various receptors to be kept straight as they pass up the system. The precision of arrangement is remarkable. (Lappe, M. 2000) It should be in order to ask how such an arrangement came about. What factors are at work as the organism develops to make all the connections come out right? To this question we now have an answer. First, Weiss, then L. S. Stone, and more recently Sperry have gone through a series of ingenious experiments to pin down the factors that control how connections are formed in the nervous system. Sperry, for example, has crossed the sensory and motor nerves in the legs of the rat, and from that has picked up some clues. He has also cut the optic nerve, rotated the eyeballs in various degrees, allowed the nerves to regenerate and then tested animals for the return of spatial vision. There are many details to his experiments, and they prove somewhat confusing, but the upshot of them all is this: Nerve fibers grow back to make the same connections that they made in the first place. To put the matter in another way, the nerve cells along the sensory pathways have some sort of biochemical tags that keep them straight when connections are being laid down. One might say that each nerve cell has a name and that other nerve cells know what that name is. It is still a mystery what these names are and how the cells know each others names and that will be a subject for future research. At any rate, nerves can be badly cut, mangled, and twisted, but somehow or other nerve fibers get back where they belong. For us, it is interesting to know that biochemical factors are at work in laying out the spatial arrangements of the nervous pathways. Lateral dominance has also been a serious problem in getting at the anatomical basis of cognition. That one of hands or feet or eyes is the major one and the other the minor one is a fact not easily disputed. We know, too, that in some affairs one side of the brain is dominant; that is to say, it plays a major role in perception or action, while the other side is minor. Although people have often argued about how important lateral dominance is and how many of the worlds ills it accounts for, few deny altogether that it exists. We must, in fact, believe that some parts of the brain, like the speech area, show very strong one-sidedness and that, in the case of others, the sides share about equally in the functions that concern them. If that be true, how can we tell where to look for a particular function? If one kind of cognition belongs to one side of the brain and we make a lesion in the other side, we will completely miss the point. Or if a type of cognition shares equally corresponding areas on both sides, it takes a perfect bilateral lesion in the areas to make the localization known. We ought to consider, too, the matter of individual differences. We find it natural to say that people are different in the measurements of personality, intelligence, or some other aspect of behavior, but we often seem to assume that brains are standard products turned out on an assembly line so that they look as much alike as new cars. The fact is that brains vary a lot in their size and shape. Lashley has been going into that matter lately, and he assures us that there are individual differences in brain anatomy. It appears that any speculation in this respect is restricted by conditions which are inherent in research experiments. According to observations, only objects or patterns cause any demonstrable satiation. Hence, we must find a process which accompanies object or pattern vision rather than the perception of homogeneous surfaces. The alpha rhythm of the human brain is much more seriously disturbed by visual objects or patterns than it is by a bright homogeneous field. Adrian suggests that it is attention to which the alpha rhythm is so sensitive. But there remains the other possibility that, quite apart from this factor, the rhythm is strongly disturbed by a visual process which accompanies the perception of objects or patterns. Vision Optic Flow and Perception It seems safe to say that, in terms of stimulation, an object is an area (or a volume) which differs from its environment either as a whole or along its boundary. We see things of any kind only when a relation of inequality obtains between the stimulation in one area and that in another, surrounding, and area. Thus it seems plausible to assume that the process which goes with object or pattern vision is a relationally determined process, and that satiation is established in regions in which this process takes place for some time. Relational determination is not a familiar term. Relationally determined processes are extremely common in physics. For instance, if temperatures differ in two parts of a system, a current of heat energy is established which tends to equalize the temperatures. The direction of the flow depends upon the direction of the difference, and in the absence of any difference there is no flow. Merchant, H. , Battaglia-Mayer, A. , Georgopoulos, A. P. 2001) Similarly, if a solution which contains certain molecules is surrounded by a second solution which contains these molecules in a different concentration, a current of diffusion will be observed, unless the solutions are separated by an impermeable barrier. The current flows as long as the concentrations differ. Thus, it is again a relation of inequality between the two parts of the system which maintains the process. Incidentally, examples exhibit relational determination in more than one sense. As the currents of heat or diffusion spread, their distribution in space depends upon the shape of the boundary at which the parts of the systems are in contact. This shape is defined in terms of geometrical relations among parts rather than of merely local conditions, and the distribution of the flow adapts itself to such relations. Therefore, not only the flow as such is relationally determined, but the same holds also for its pattern in space. Some such processes cause obstructions in the medium in which they occur, and that in this fashion after-effects are established when later further processes spread in the same medium. The relationally determined process which underlies pattern vision is a direct electric current and that such a current flow when conditions of excitation in one part of the visual cortex differ from those in an adjacent part. An attempt was also made to explain how the electromotive forces originate which drive the current from one part to the other, and back again to the former. The explanation involved no hypothesis which is at odds with available knowledge of nerve impulses and their influence upon cortical tissue. Vaina, L. M. , Rushton, S. K. 2000) Rather, those forces were derived from concepts which play a great role in present neurophysiological discussions. Nevertheless, this particular part of the theory need not now be described, because there may be various ways of deriving electromotive forces which would drive a direct current through the tissue. It seems that, whatever choice may be, the distribution of the flow as such would always be about the same. It is this flow which we will now consider. The flow would spread through the tissue as a volume conductor, which is to say that, in this connection, the brain must be regarded as a continuous medium to which principles of continuity physics apply. In this respect, there is a possibility which is implicit in present neurophysiology, even though its consequences have, until recently, not been explicitly considered. Surely, if the potentials of the alpha rhythm as well as those of on and off effects can spread through the skull, there is nothing in the brain to prevent such potentials from spreading through this medium as a continuum. As a result, it can hardly be a disturbing thesis that a steadier flow would do the same. (Sherk, H. , Fowler, G. A. 2001) In flowing through a continuum, a direct current assumes a distribution which is relationally determined by the shape of given boundaries. In object or pattern vision, the boundaries in question would be those between cortical areas in which retinal stimulation establishes different kinds or degrees of excitation. It will suffice if we consider a fact which concerns only the distribution of the current as such, and is quite independent of further theorizing. If excitation within a circumscribed cortical area differs from that in its environment, the resulting current must circle around the boundary at which the two areas are in contact. Moreover, unless the surrounded area is very large, the current must be denser in this area than it is in the environment in which it can spread widely. This is true whether or not local excitation is higher in the circumscribed area. Thus, if a black object is shown on a white background, the density of the flow must be maximal within the area of the black object, just as it is maximal within the area of a white object surrounded by black. Satiation and Proximal Energy We can now turn to the problem of satiation. The present theory has no difficulty in solving this problem. Any direct currents which flow through the nervous system polarize the surfaces of cells, and also change their polarizability. Generally speaking, this effect, the so-called electrotonus, has the character of an obstruction. Further currents which afterwards flow through the same medium are weakened. At the same time, they suffer changes of their distribution in space. We are not introducing a special hypothesis if we assume that the currents of theory are also electrotonically active, and that the resulting obstructions follow the same rules as hold for electrotonus in general. For instance, the degree to which the various parts of the medium are electrotonically affected is directly related to the density of the current in those parts. Now we know that the density of the currents postulated in theory must be maximal within the area of a circumscribed object, still great in adjacent parts, and progressively lower at greater distances. Perception is treated throughout as the representation to the individual of real, physical states of affairs of both the external environment and of the self. The former include objects, persons, scenery events, and extended terrain and spaces. States of the self include postures, movements, and activities such as reaching, standing, running, and speaking. Although it is obvious that own physical states are represented to uswe readily and immediately perceive what we are doingthis aspect of perception is usually overlooked in the theoretical treatments, with notable exceptions (Gibson, 1979) Physical states of both the environment and the individual give rise to patterns of energy at the sensory receptors. These patterns, which usually vary over time as well as space, are the proximal stimuli that initiate the chain of neural activity and culminate in a perceptual representation. Certain features of these proximal energy patterns correlate with particular properties or attributes of a physical state of affairs. For example, both the size of the retinal image and the degree of convergence of the eyes correlate with the size of an external object. Likewise, a pattern of stimulation in the joints, tendons, and muscles of an arm correlates with its position. A point to be emphasized is that the features of the proximal stimulus pattern are not simply replicas or necessarily even rough copies of the physical properties that give rise to them. Rather they correlate with them. For example, binocular disparity is in no sense a replica of observer-object distance; it is a correlate of it. This view was first adumbrated clearly by Gibson (1950, 1959) and is emphasized here.