Francisco I. Madero :: essays research papers

Franciso I. MaderoThe Rosary was born in the Property, Parras, Coahuila, in 1873. It belonged to a well-off family of agriculturists. It made studies of commerce in France and the United States.From 1904 it took part in political subjects of Coahuila. President of the Independent Democratic Party named, that was against the re-election of the governor, Miguel Cardinal red. He collaborated in the organ of that party The Democrat, in whom he wrote political articles, spreading his ideas on the human rights, the vote and the freedom. In 1908 I publish the Presidential Succession of 1910, book in which put to recover the democracy under protection of the theme of 1857. In its work it defended the political freedom and it showed the necessity to form a great political party that participated in the presidential elections of 1910. It defined to the Constitution of the 1857 interchangeable the triumph of the liberal ideas Both great parties that formed, once obtained our independence -li beral and the conservative-, then represented the aspirations and the interests of two great Mexican groups.first, of ideas outposts, he wanted to implant in our country the most modern principles, and the second he wished to conserve to where outside possible, the old traditions. This party, integrated mainly by the people of money, always preservative, and by the clergy proprietor of immense wealth, looked for the shade of a government of its form, the protection to its numerous interests (...) in the Hill of ace Bells was buried for always old the Conservative Party ". With its first the National Party Antireeleccionista was created (1909), of which candidate to the presidency of the Republic went. As of that moment, it initiated an intense political campaign by all the country to spread the democratic principles. This party, tell by Emilio Vzquez Gomez, made a convention the 15 of April of 1910, in which the basic principles were proclaimed that they sustained to the organ ization      Nonre-election.      Strict fulfillment of the Constitution of 1857.       independence of the municipalities.      Respect to the individual guarantees. The 6 of following June, Log was jailed under the accusation of "CONATO of rebellion and ultraje to the authorities". It was transferred San Luis Potosi, where he waited for the accomplishment of the elections, that favored it mainly, and where it received the newsworthiness of the fraud committed by Diaz, who declared reelecto again.The 6 of October, Log fled, taking refuge in San Antonio, Texas.

Observation as a Social Work Tool and Skill Essay -- Social Work

This assignment is going to look into observation as a companionable take to the woods tool and skill. Firstly, it is going to briefly describe the observation. Secondly it will analyse the interactions using a reflective approach. And finally, it will look into some(prenominal) pertinent social work skills and values that relate to the discussed topic.The observation exercise was carried out on the upper deck of a London Bus on a weekday evening and lasted approximately fifteen minutes. The subjects of the observation were a male in his late twenties that appeared to be of Afro-Caribbean origin and a female of a akin(predicate) age with an Eastern European accent. The male was wearing a tracksuit and had a set of headphones hanging over his shoulders. The girl was dressed in smart-casual clothes. They were sit succeeding(prenominal) to each other and were having a conversation. At the time of the observation there were not empty seats on the bus. I carried out the observatio n from a relatively close distance, a couple of seats away from the observed individuals.Due to the nature of what was being said, I learned that they did not await to bang each other. The observed male appeared to be confident and talkative. He seemed to lead the conversation by asking her a number of questions related to her background, matrimonial spot etc. He asked her where are you from?, How long have you been in London?, have you got a boyfriend? amongst other questions. The observed girl gave the enemy impression. The inflect of her voice and her body language showed signs that lead me to believe that she was not entirely comfortable with the situation even though she did made eye trace with him and smiled on a couple of occasions.From an observer perspective I felt a certain level of anxie... ...eflective practice within the social work field. working CitedBanks, S (2006). Ethics and values in social work. (3rd ed). New York Palgrave Macmillan.Briggs, S (1999). Lin ks Between Infant manifestation and Reflective social work Practice. journal of loving work Practice. Volume 13, (number 2), p 147-156Coulshed, V and Orme, J. (2006). Social work practice. (4rd ed). New York Palgrave Macmillan.Dominelli, L (2004). Values ethics and empowerment in Social work guess and Practice For a Changing Profession.Uk Policy PressTanner, K and Turney, D (2000). The role of Observation in Assessment of pip-squeak Neglect in Child Abuse Review. Volume 9, p337-348Thompson, N (2009). Understanding Social Work (3rd ed ). New York Palgrave Macmillan.Trevithick, P (2005). Social Work Skills a practice handout. (2nd ed). Buckingham, UK out-of-doors University Press. Observation as a Social Work Tool and Skill Essay -- Social Work This assignment is going to look into observation as a social work tool and skill. Firstly, it is going to briefly describe the observation. Secondly it will analyse the interactions using a reflective approach. And finall y, it will look into some relevant social work skills and values that relate to the discussed topic.The observation exercise was carried out on the upper deck of a London Bus on a weekday evening and lasted approximately fifteen minutes. The subjects of the observation were a male in his late twenties that appeared to be of Afro-Caribbean origin and a female of a similar age with an Eastern European accent. The male was wearing a tracksuit and had a set of headphones hanging over his shoulders. The girl was dressed in smart-casual clothes. They were sitting next to each other and were having a conversation. At the time of the observation there were not empty seats on the bus. I carried out the observation from a relatively close distance, a couple of seats away from the observed individuals.Due to the nature of what was being said, I learned that they did not seem to know each other. The observed male appeared to be confident and talkative. He seemed to lead the conversation by aski ng her a number of questions related to her background, marital status etc. He asked her where are you from?, How long have you been in London?, have you got a boyfriend? amongst other questions. The observed girl gave the opposite impression. The tone of her voice and her body language showed signs that lead me to believe that she was not entirely comfortable with the situation even though she did made eye contact with him and smiled on a couple of occasions.From an observer perspective I felt a certain level of anxie... ...eflective practice within the social work field.Works CitedBanks, S (2006). Ethics and values in social work. (3rd ed). New York Palgrave Macmillan.Briggs, S (1999). Links Between Infant Observation and Reflective social work Practice. Journal of Social work Practice. Volume 13, (number 2), p 147-156Coulshed, V and Orme, J. (2006). Social work practice. (4rd ed). New York Palgrave Macmillan.Dominelli, L (2004). Values ethics and empowerment in Social work theo ry and Practice For a Changing Profession.Uk Policy PressTanner, K and Turney, D (2000). The role of Observation in Assessment of Child Neglect in Child Abuse Review. Volume 9, p337-348Thompson, N (2009). Understanding Social Work (3rd ed ). New York Palgrave Macmillan.Trevithick, P (2005). Social Work Skills a practice handout. (2nd ed). Buckingham, UK Open University Press.

John Donne Holy Sonnets Essay -- essays research papers

John DonneDeath is a very complicated subject that people vista very differently in different situations. In John Donnes Holy Sonnets, he writes about death in Meditations X and XVII. Both meditations using up many similar rhetorical devices and appeals, but the tones of the meditations are very disparate. Donnes different messages in Meditations X and XVII convey tones of defiance and acquiescence towards death, respectively. His unmingled change of attitude towards death could be accounted for by his differing life situations while he was writing the meditations mid-life, and near-death.Meditation X, which Donne wrote in mid-life, has a very resistant and powerful tone. Donne begins the meditation by defying normal views of death, and saying how death, be not proud (Donne). In deprecating death, Donne shows how he does not fear something which mortals usually fear. His heedless mockery of death is his appeal to pathos, specifically the human emotion of happiness and determina tion to live Meditation X is a battle against an inevitable, insidious, and metaphysical force. In Meditation XVII, Donne begins instead by deprecating himself, conceding that he may think himself so often better than he is (Donne). This concession conveys a much more acquiescent and passive tone, appealing instead to the human emotions of melancholy and yearning to understand and accept death. Logos is also manipulated by Donne in...

Metropolitan vs. Colonial Space in Forster’s A Passage to India and Lawrence’s Women in Love :: Passage India

Metropolitan vs. Colonial Space in Forsters A Passage to India and Lawrences Women in Love At outgrowth glance, it seems easy to state a definitive distinction between what Said calls metropolitan space and compound space. In its simplest form, metropolitan space is the space in use(p) by the colonizers. Examples of this include England, France and the places these people reside in while living in these colonies. Likewise, colonial space is that which is occupied by those who are colonized. India and Africa are two good examples of this. However, upon closer inspection, it is clear that this distinction is not as simple as it may originally appear. Although the above definitions are accurate, they are also incomplete. As Said says, colonialism is not a simple act of accumulation and acquisition (9). The distinction between metropolitan space and colonial space does not finesse solely within physical and tangible spaces. It also exists in the mindsets and attitudes of the peopl e involved in colonialism. Said points out that a direct result of colonialism is that it comes with changes in attitudes (52).Another important element of the distinction between metropolitan and colonial spaces is the understanding that this distinction exists because of the differences in power. Said defines metropolitan space as a socially desirable empowered space (52). He goes on to say that metropolitan spaces are connected to colonial spaces by the design, motive and development of these colonial spaces. Further, he says that cultures want to move into these colonial spaces because they are viewed as desirable but subordinate (52). This point is especially important to note. There is a distinct understanding that those who occupy the metropolitan space have the power while those who occupy the colonial space do not. The vocabulary used is also an crucial element of the distinction between the two spaces. Said mentions that some of the key elements/words associated with col onialism include inferior and subordinate peoples. (9) These terms further reinforce the class of power.E.M. Forsters A Passage to India is a prime example of the distinction between metropolitan and colonial spaces. Using the simplest definition, Forster presents an India where the distinction between metropolitan and colonial spaces is very clear. Metropolitan space is present in the form of England, but also is present locally in the form of the club. The Indians occupy their own colonial spaces that the British rarely enter into.

Beowulf vs. Modern Society :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf vs. Modern Society Are there some(prenominal) similarities between life in modern America and the world of Beowulf? Is it possible for such a technology oriented world such as ours to have anything in common with a world which had non even heard of electricity? Has this technology re eithery separated us from prior civilizations? Is our view today any different from the thinking of ancient cultures? Although it may not seem to be true, there are actually gentlemany similarities between our world and that of Beowulfs. These similarities are readily seen in all forms of media and entertainment, as well as noted sources of culture such as music and movies. If the similarity between the two cultures is accepted, it will not be vexed to comprehend Beowulf. The first and most notable similarity is drinking. King Hrothgar built a giant mead-hall, namely Heorot, to accommodate his celebrations. Throughout Beowulf it can be seen that celebrations of any kind are always acco mpanied by drinking. Drinking is just map today as it was thousands of years ago. People today always implicate drinking in their celebrations, whether it be a birthday, anniversary, or marriage. Heorot is nothing more than a tremendous bar. The festivities of the warriors in Beowulfs time can be seen all(prenominal) night in any local bar or pub. Another similarity of course is violence. Violence is obviously present in Beowulfs world. The determinative of status holds its roots in violence. The only way for a warrior to prove himself is through battle, or violence. Specifically this can be seen through the character, Unferth. He was not respected as a warrior due to his inability to win battles. He tried to find faults in Beowulf to raise his own ego. The disrespect given to this man was due to his unsuccessfulness in violent engagements. Modern violence is present all around us. No matter which way one turns, violence will be there to greet him. Whether it be on the st reet, in school, or even at home, violence cannot be avoided. The presence of this violence in society leads to attempt. This stress is to a large extent the cause of the similarity mentioned earlier, namely drinking. Anyone from the local bully to a armed robber can be representatives of modern violence. Although it is present in everyday life, this violence can be seen easier in any form of media.

Beowulf vs. Modern Society :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf vs. Modern Society Are there any(prenominal) similarities in the midst of life in modern America and the world of Beowulf? Is it possible for such a technology oriented world such as ours to have anything in common with a world which had not even heard of electricity? Has this technology really separated us from prior civilizations? Is our thinking forthwith any different from the thinking of ancient cultures? Although it may not seem to be true, there are actually many similarities between our world and that of Beowulfs. These similarities are promptly seen in all forms of media and entertainment, as well as noted sources of culture such as music and movies. If the similarity between the two cultures is accepted, it will not be hard to comprehend Beowulf. The first and most notable similarity is drinking. King Hrothgar built a giant mead-hall, namely Heorot, to accommodate his celebrations. Throughout Beowulf it displace be seen that celebrations of any kind are a lways accompanied by drinking. Drinking is just present today as it was thousands of years ago. People today always include drinking in their celebrations, whether it be a birthday, anniversary, or marriage. Heorot is nothing more than a tremendous bar. The festivities of the warriors in Beowulfs time potbelly be seen every night in any local bar or pub. Another similarity of course is power. Violence is obviously present in Beowulfs world. The determinant of status holds its roots in violence. The only way for a warrior to prove himself is with battle, or violence. Specifically this can be seen through the character, Unferth. He was not respected as a warrior due to his inability to win battles. He tried to find faults in Beowulf to raise his own ego. The offensive activity given to this man was due to his unsuccessfulness in violent engagements. Modern violence is present all around us. No matter which way one turns, violence will be there to greet him. Whether it be on the street, in school, or even at home, violence cannot be avoided. The presence of this violence in society leads to stress. This stress is to a large extent the cause of the similarity mentioned earlier, namely drinking. Anyone from the local bully to a armed robber can be representatives of modern violence. Although it is present in everyday life, this violence can be seen easier in any form of media.

Inspector calls

A number of techniques are apply byout the play in order to portray this negative Image to the audience. For instance, her naiveness Is repeatedly mentioned and her class conscious attitude is prominent In the play. From the outset, Priestley uses Mrs.. Brislings persona to give an unlikable character, a woman who Is described as cold In the detail directions, displaying the attitudes she will turn in In the opening scene.Her attitude to class is shown by her cynical newsmonger a girl of hat class a comment which implies her awareness of her favorable superiority. This shows the commission in which she looks down upon the character of Eva Smith. Similarly, her dismissive attitude towards lower class people is demonstrated by her careful concern for mixer etiquette and manners. She shows disgust at Sheilas use of colloquial language, for instance, when Sheila refers to Eric as spiffy, Mrs.. Birding is seemingly outraged. This suggests that she would non want to be associ ated with the dialect used by those of a lower social status.Her character Is shown to feel a need to impress Gerald due to his upper class heritage and parenting. This could be represented by her embarrassment when Mr.. Birding congratulates the cook and tells him finish off for discussing business. This Indicates that she doesnt want Gerald to get the impression that she or her family would act In such a way. Her regard to social status is further demonstrated by her mesh with the Brimley Womens Charity Organization. She uses her position as chairperson to gain authority and importance Just so that she can herself highly and above other people.It is evident that she doesnt do charity work purely out of altruism. She has a great desire to be high in social status. This all contributes to portraying the image of negativeness and creating loathe by highlighting her superiority complex. She is very aware of class distinctions, resenting Eva Smiths gross impertinence in calling her self Mrs.. Birding, and refuses to believe In her moral Integrity She was claiming fine feelings and scruples that were simply absurd In a girl in that position.At the end of the play, like her husband, she refuses to believe that she did anything wrong and refuses to accept responsibility for her part In Eves death. Instead, Mrs.. Billing seems to want to put so much blame on the father, because she thinks that it will put her out of the spotlight. There is dramatic irony in the way she is trapped. The audience will discover before her that the drunken young idler is Eric. There is also situational irony which creates further dislike the audience do its that she would non apply the same standards to re own family, yet Eric is condemned by her words.She is also forceful in shifting blame onto Birding It wasnt I who turned her out of employment. The generation gap is emphasised at this point in the play, as further dislike is created for Mrs.. Birding by the way Sheila and Eric begin to see their parents in a new unfavorable light. This dislike is reinforced to the audience when Shells gets angry at her mother in Act Three for trying to pretend that nothing much has happened. Shells says It frightens me the way you talk. She cannot understand how Mrs.. Birding has not learnt from the evening In the same way she has.This creates dwells for the character of Mrs.. Birding as the audience realism that she has not learnt anything from the blood and anguish in the first world war. Her character is used to show Priestley attitude towards and critique of Capitalism. She is shown t be part of the capitalist society that will sleepwalk into disaster because they fail to recognizes what is going on in the world around them. This has a particularly significant impact as the sasss audience are aware of the downfall they will face.Furthermore, dislike for the character of Mrs.. Birding is created through the portrayal of her sexual repression. She is shown to have the belief that women of her class should be protected from things that are what Gerald refers to as unpleasant and disturbing. She is reluctant to understand the reality of society and wants to know nothing about Garages disgusting affair. Priestley is effective in portraying her character in this way as the audience in 1946 will have a much broader view of the way in which people stomach, ND will develop a dislike for her as a result of the differing attitudes.This is interlinked with the way in which Mrs.. Brings naivety is used to create dislike. Not only does she choose not to understand some aspects of society, there are many other things that her character is show to be sheltered from due to her upper class way of life. For instance, she does not know anything about the hard drinking habits of her son Eric, thinking that it isnt true. She also does not realism that even supposedly respectable men of a high social status like Alderman Meagerly would sit the Palace Bar and behave in such a way that he did.She does not share the same level of awareness of what goes on in society that the younger generations have. Sheilas comment that she only escaped with a torn blouse demonstrates how she is show to have a far greater understanding of the realities of society than her mother. Ultimately, Priestley uses various techniques throughout the play to create dislike for the character of Mrs.. Birding. He does this through using the themes of responsibility, class, generations and gender.

Marketing A Sports Organization

When watching football on television, we larn so sidetracked in the game and in the players that we parry about another part of the team. The marketing team is a large part of the editions team. Without the group of people who help get the recognition, sales, processions, the football team would fuck off a more difficult time surviving.The marketing mix is iodine of the just about often used phrases in marketing. The four marketing tactics, also cognise as the four Ps, be equipment casualty, product, place, and promotion.Marketingteacher.com comp bes the marketing mix to that of a cake mix. All of the ingredients are essential to having the positive outcome that is desired. If the cake involve more sugar, you can minimal brain dysfunction more sugar, if it postulate more milk, you can add more milk. The same thing applies to the marketing mix. Perhaps the price needs to be altered for that positive outcome. Any of the tactics can be altered to suit the product and to g et the outcome that is desired.When applying the marketing mix, the kind of arranging that we are dealing with has to be considered. There is a difference between an amateur sports organization and a victor sports organization.In order to properly rate the commonalties and differences among the marketing mix developed for Diving Canada (Amateur Sport Organization) and the Toronto Blue Jays (Professional Sport Organization), it is imperative that nonpareil has a true understanding of the four elements that drives the marketing mix. The marketing mix was developed as a way to provide marketers with a strategy that would allow them to blend together various factors in order to get to an organizations objectives.To successfully implement this strategy, marketers must address the four specific tactics, or ingredients that entrust make the strategy work.Price is the factor that allows marketers to add value (a numerical representation) on the technicals and services they are offer ing based on their ability to stimulate demand. Product on the other hand, refers to the tangible (good) bodily aspect or service that encompasses such things as brand name, functionality or packaging.Conversely, place relates to the specific geographical location that marketers feel is most appropriate to divvy up their product/service to the general public. In order to engage in a successful deliverance, marketers must properly plan tactful promotional strategies that will inform their targeted market with the necessary information to make a purchase. If the aforementioned is utilized effectively, marketers will be able to achieve their organizations terminal in an efficient and productive mannerAccording to www.wharton.universia.net, Juan Manuel de Toro, a professor at the IESE business school said that marketing for a sports organization should be, Orientated toward consumers. Its about thinking, deciding and acting in terms of the final consumer. He said that as a result to this, you postulate to know who your consumers are, and what they want and need. As much as possible, you have to tailor your offer to their needs, so you can get to know them and provide them with a worthwhile benefit. The orientation is toward the market, not to the product.For instance, diving is growing to be really popular in Canada. According to www.diving.ca/ incline/html/about.htm, Canada is the number one diving land in the world.Emphasizing that Canada is known for its diving is important. This will appeal to the emotional aspect of the marketing. It gives a sense of pride. When it comes to sports, pride sells.There are more organizations that would wish well to partner with one of the sports that Canada is known for. Sponsorship can make or break a sports marketing plan. Because the team is not necessarily a business and has diametric purposes than a business does, the marketing for a sports team is different.People watch sports for entertainment, and largely for th e emotional aspect of it. There is some emotional reason wherefore each person becomes passionate for sports. Whether it was a family sport for some, or whether they were athletes in the sport when younger, the customer has a reason. To successfully market, the marketing team must get into the heads of their customers and find out what that reason is.According to www.wharton.universia.net, Toro said, You are dealing with more than just a service the sports consumer is looking for entertainment, diversion, passion, emotion you have to consider his be intimate emotional dedication.Sandro Rosell, who is the vice-president the Futbal Club Barcelona, argued, In sports marketing, it is very hard to bring business needs and emotional needs together.Although Rosell is right, it is hard to do, it is possible. For an amateur organization, the price can be a big problem. There will be less money for marketing when the organization is amateur. What is used has to be used wisely.When seeking a partnership, at that place are a couple of options. Public or private organizations or state and local partnerships are often considered. One organization that would most believably be used for Diving Canada would be FINA, the worlds largest organization for aquatic sports.The sponsorship covers part of the price aspect. To gain a good idea of the price, insight pricing could be considered. Penetration pricing is when the price is set low, on purpose, until interest is gained and then the price is raised higher. This would probably be a good idea for Diving Canada.Because it is an amateur sport, some customers might be a little leery of supporting it however, because it is a sport that Canada is known for, they will most likely support it if the price is right. Once they begin supporting it and see how positive it is for them, the price can be raised and they will not refuse. furtherance for an amateur sports organization can be somewhat tricky. Sponsorship is found in promotion as well as the price. Without the sponsors supporting the team, it is difficult to have the promotion that is necessary. Since Diving Canadas organization is more about achievement than money, they are not as well known as the Blue Jays.According to http//pr.e-agency.com/pdf/sports_division.pdf, one way to promote a team like the Diving Canada is to have a website devoted to them where they would gain large exposure. While this does cost extra money, the website believes that the price would be worth it in the end.A professional sport organization such as the Toronto Blue Jays is an association that is part of a much larger family that stretches across North America. These organizations are limited in the amount of teams that are able to compete and encompass a huge consumer database consisting of fans, spectators, participants, employees, sponsorship companies and much more.The Toronto Blue Jays, a Toronto based baseball team, is one of the thirty members of this professional spo rt organization. Diving Canada on the other hand is considered to be a non for profit amateur sport that was created to facilitate the growth and development of diving as a sport in Canada. Although not as large or consumer driven, Diving Canada represents nine boor diving associations consisting of sixty seven local diving clubs with over 4,000 performing athletes.The main goal of diving Canada is to become the number one diving terra firma in the world. Unlike the Toronto Blue Jays Association who are profit driven, Diving Canadas mission is to provide all divers, from entry level participants to Olympic and public champions, with the programs and services required to achieve personal excellence and self fulfillment.Before distinguishing the differences and commonalities of their respective marketing mixes, it is important to understand the underlying differences between a professional and an amateur.Professionals, who participate in sports organizations such as the Toronto Blu e Jays are usually required to encompass a large array of knowledge achieved with intensive training and practicing. These individuals often have a large affect on gild and are required to exploit their independence both in society and in the workplace. Furthermore, the single largest distinction between an amateur and a professional is the funding for the sport. Professionals are paid individuals who are part of a large organization, and are paid based on their active participation Amateurs, on the other hand usually refers to individuals who are not performing for money, but instead are doing so for self interest usually through an academic setting.Now that the differences between a paid professional and a working amateur, have been high-flown we discussion of the differences and similarities among the marketing mix can be continued.Sports products is the first part of the marketing mix that will be analyzed and discussed in relation to both The Toronto Blue Jays and Diving Can ada.A sport product consists of a good or a service that is created for the purpose of providing a benefit to its many alive users (participants, sponsorship companies, spectators etc). It can provide physical benefits which can be seen through its its quality design, features, packaging, revolution or it can provide intangible benefits, such as the hullabaloo and thrill participants acquire when watching or attending their favorite sport game.Although Diving Canada is an amateur sport they share many of the same existing users. both organizations have many participants providing entertainment for their fans (their consumers), while following specific rules and guidelines governed by officials, instructors, coaches, etc. Furthermore, both engage in acquiring sponsorships as a means to provide excess cash to run a successful event.Regarding the intangible benefits, there are many similarities as both organizations are proving entertainment for their spectators. However, one of the main differences is that participants in Diving Canada are competing for self-fulfillment (not getting paid), opposed to many of the players on the Toronto Blue Jays who participate for the swollen salary.Although both organizations are very competitive in nature, Diving Canada places a much larger wildness on achieving personal excellence and self-satisfaction (individually) while the Toronto Blue Jays place a large emphasis on winning a championship as a whole rather than individual participation.Regarding the tangible aspects, there are many differences among the two organizations. There is much more variety offered by the Toronto Blue Jays seen through the different field positions played (short stop, centre field, catcher, pitcher), equipment (bats, helmets, uniforms, gloves), demographics and viewing capabilities (radio, TV). Although, there is variety in Diving Canada, participants have limited equipment such as bathing suits or goggles, they differ by having much less expo sure. TV and radio promotions are limited.The quality of entertainment is usually higher in professional sports, but can is too complex to judge as entertainment can that be judged in the eye of the beholder.Although both organizations design their sport wear to embody company logos, the Toronto Blue Jays place a much larger emphasis on its uniqueness as a way to drive sales and attract consumer purchases of uniforms, hats, gloves, etcOne of the biggest differences recognized among the two organizations is the brand name which is perceived through their logos.The Toronto Blue Jays have a much more distinguished and recognized logo compared to Diving Canada. Although Diving Canada does have a signature logo, recognized as widely as the Toronto Blue Jays due to the limited exposure, demand and publicity for the event.The largest difference between the Blue Jays and Diving Canada is money. However, in the words of Shaquille ONeal, Im pall of hearing about money, money, money, money, money. I just want to play the game, drink Pepsi, and wear Reebok.Though the two sports are extremely different in marketing, it is fire to see how the same formula price, place, promotion, and product, can be tailored to work successfully for both.Works CitedDunn, Paige, and Patty Deutsche. Sports Marketing Devision. E-Agency. 2006. 6 Dec.2006Diving Plongeon Canada. Diving. 2006. 6 Dec. 2006 www.diving.ca/english/html/about.htm.Marketing Mix. Marketing Teacher. 2006. 6 Dec. 2006 http//marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_marketing_mix.htm.Oneal, Shaquille. The Sports Quote the Best of the Best. Famous Quotes and Quotations. 2006. 6 Dec. 2006 .Sports Marketing the Motor That Drives the Sports Business. Marketing. 18 May 2005. 6 Dec. 2006 .

Week 2- Camelbak

Written Assignment Camel Back Foundations of Marketing BA181 Instructor Stacey Smeltzer Grantham University William Hornung scholar ID G00079415 January 1, 2012 Camel Back -Theyve Got Your Bak. Case Study Analysis The case study is to netherstand the importance of the CamelBak. CamelBak Products, LLC is an outdoors equipment company known primarily for its hydration returns, such as hydration groups and body of water bottles. CamelBak is too a supplier of hydration packs, protective gear, and other products to the U. S. military and law enforcement agencies around the cosmea.The CamelBak headquarters are in Petaluma, California. CamelBak is the leading manufacturer of hydration packs. The CamelBak name comes from a play on the myth that a camel stores water in its hump. Camels actually store fat in their hump. CamelBak Given Facts in the case 1. In 1989, Michael Eidson, has invented CamelBak for overcoming dehydration. 2. The initiatory version, which used medical tubing to f low water from an intravenous drip bag that was insulated by a sock and strapped to the back of his shirt, was born as nigh inventions areout of necessity. . The packs gained fame during the 1991 Gulf War as extreme sports enthusiasts in the U. S. Special Forces carried their personal CamelBaks into combat during Desert Storm. 4. By 1995, Edison sold the company for $4 million. Kransco has purchased it. 5. In 1999, two years after buying his first CamelBak pack, cyclist Chuck Hunter left Lockheed Martin to join the upstart company in hopes of growing its military business. 6. Hunter partnered with DuPont to cooperate CamelBak sire the Low Infrared Reflective (LIRR) formation. 7.Other CamelBak innovations include the Water Beast reservoir, a fluid storage system that boasts 30 percent more rigidity than other packs on the market. 8. Another CamelBak first is its CBR 4. 0 pack system, which is specially designed to perform under chemical or biological weapons attack. 9. The produ ct manager Shawn Cullen likens CamelBak to Kleenex Everyone calls a hydration system a CamelBak, he says. 10. U. S. Army is working with a former supplier to develop its own version, most likely in an attempt to reduce costs. Questions 1.Discuss how business relationships and strategic partnerships have helped to increase the value of Camelbacks products and the business itself. perform Camelback is first invented by Michael Edison in 1989, for solving the problem of dehydration. 1. CamelBak is purchased by Kransco. 2. Chunk Hunter has partnered with CamelBak after he left Lockheed Martin, because of growing military business. 3. Hunter partnered with DuPont to help CamelBak develop the Low Infrared Reflective (LIRR) system. 2. What type(s) of business market customers does CamelBak sell to?Answer The following are the different segment of customers employ the CamelBak products. 1. The military is grown customer 2. Sports people. 3. Outdoor enthusiasts 4. Law enforcement personne l 5. U. S Special Forces 6. U. S Secret Service 7. Department of Health and Human Sciences 8. Government agencies from around the world 9. HAZMAT 10. New York Police Department 11. Extreme sports, Hunting, Recreational personnel 12. Industrial and Professionals The following is the list of Camelback Products 1. Camelback packs 2.Low Infrared Reflective (LIRR) system. 3. CBR 4. 0 pack system 4. Water Beast packs At prices up to $200 for combat-ready systems, one thing CamelBaks arent is cheap. But then again, neither is CamelBak itself. Its strong product lines, history of innovation, secure strategic relationships, and dominance in government and institutional markets drove its value to over $200 million when investment bank put up Stearns Company bought the outfit from Kransco in 2003not bad for a product that started life as an intravenous fluid bag wrapped in a sock. 3.Review the types of demand that most influence business markets. Which ones do you think are most master(preno minal) for Camelback to consider in their merchandise strategy? why? Answer The types of demand that influence business market are. 1. Bulk Orders 2. Potential Market 3. Payment System 4. Inelastic demand 5. Price inelasticity of demand. The things most important for Camelback to consider in their market strategy are. 1. There must be selective media channels. 2. Less advertisement 3. The price to be reduced by using modern technology of production. 4.The biggest client i. e. military is in the impression that the product is charged high. 5. There is lot of demand for the product in the international market. 6. The marketing should concentrate on awareness of product in untouched market. 4. What type of business product is a Camelback backpack? Answer Camelback is an essential product for its customers. It is convey for its customers. The price such product influences the consumption process of the customer. The product can be compared to a pharmaceutical drug which solves the pro blems of patients.There is lot of market produce for Camelback. Conclusion From the above case study it is understood that business products have few major customers (here military to Camelback), but these customers are price sensitive and it is also threat and opportunity. The organizations that are in marketing of business products should be careful in dealing with the customers with a strategic marketing plan. One of CamelBaks biggest investors is the US military. As a soldier without the CamelBak soldiers would still be using canteens as a hydration system.Clearly this is a good marketing strategy for them to use in this exceptional arena and to focus on them as a whole in this one area. References Camelback. (n. d. ). From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Camelback History of the CamelBak. (2010, October 17). High on Mountain Biking. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from http//highonmountainbiking. com/blog-mtb/history- of-the-camelbak/ Quackenbush, J. (2011, August 25). CamelBak acquired for $257 million. air Journal. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http//www. northbaybusinessjournal. com/39102/camelbak-acquired-for-257-million/

Business Ethics Reflection Essay

A few geezerhood ago, my attach to decided to accept a existence of pump-Eastern decent to fill an open project engineering position. The gentlemen exemplified what the come with wanted and needed in an employee. He had the educational requirements, work history, and years of experience in our manufacturing field. He shined during the interview process and stood head and shoulders above the other candidates. My companionship wasted no time making the man a reasonable offer and he gladly accepted soon afterwards. Within a few months after his arrival, the gentleman was tasked to lead a project to inst entirely an uninventive blend operation. The aseptic blend operation had some strict personal hygiene requirements. One critical requirement was no employee could don a whiskers when working in the blend area.Ironically, the gentleman sported a full lengthy beard in which he wore proudly as part of his Middle Eastern culture. Eventually, an unexpected ethical dilemma was on the rise. My company was caught between asking the man to shave his beard, assign another engineer to the project, or animate the requirement. After a few weeks of laboring over this problem, my company decided it would be in the best interest of all parties involved to allow the man to keep his beard and still lead the project. To do so, my company researched and was able to source large aseptic-acceptable beard nets. The gentleman was open to the idea of wearing the beard nets and the project was completed on time.The virtue, value, and moral conceptual issues in this ethical dilemma were also of interest. In terms of virtue, this mans character was never in question. He was neither right nor wrong but was simply adhering to his cultural ways. In terms of determine, the mans personal values differed from those of the companys. The man valued his culture and held it in high regard. As a result, he made a choice to sport a beard that sentiency his culture and ancestry. On the other hand, the company initially valued their policies. Yet, the company eventually decided to change them to honor the mans values. Morally speaking, the virtues and the values of the companyand the man were not aligned thus causing an ethical dilemma. Neither of the two was right or wrong but simply had incompatible beliefs.There were several ways in which external social pressures influenced business ethics in this situation. For example, when local Middle-Eastern delegates found about this ethical issue they became irate. They exist to boycott the companys products, protest outside of the company, and pursue a lawsuit. The local ACLU, The American Civil Liberties Union, spoke up against the companys policies as well. Although they didnt threaten any actions, their mere presence was enough to sway the company to change its policies. Finally, social pressure form the many Middle-Easterners within the community, county, and read weighed heavily on the company. These external social p ressures along with internal pressure from employees were too much for the company to ignore. Again, as a result, the company amended its aseptic operation polices.If I was a company and was faced with the same dilemma today, I would have arrived at the same settlement. Personally, in this situation, it would be better to amend a policy by finding suitable solutions, than it would be to stand firm. The company did the right issue by finding and purchasing acceptable beard nets rather than fight a lengthy battle in the judicial system and the court of public opinion. Therefore, I would have done the same thing today. If I was the gentleman in this situation, I would have done exactly what he originally did stand firm and work towards to solution in which all parties are satisfied. I would not have decided to cut my hair because that would have violated my cultural values and personal value system. In the end, the solution was amicable to both the gentleman and the company.This eth ical dilemma, although rectified in a reasonable fashion, brought to light other policy issues within the company. As a result, the company hired an ethical officer who oversees all policies, rules, and procedures. Also this individual helps orientate new hires who cultural ways and values are not easily recognized. This has helped the company become more cultural diverse and more cognizant of others who values differ from the majority ofthe workforceReferences* Managing Business Ethics* L. Trevino & K. Nelson* 2007

Rbi and Its Roles

1. run batted in and its Roles Reserve Bank of India (run batted in) Reserve Bank of India ( rbi) is the central bank of India. It monitors, formulates and implements Indias fiscal policy. Established in the year 1935, RBI was nationalized in the year 1949. Owned fully by the G overnment of India, Reserve Bank has 22 regional offices in various take upper-case letters of India with its headquarters located in Mumbai. It has a majority stake in the State Bank of India. Role of RBI RBI formulates the monetary policy, thus regularization and supervising the economy of India. RBI is the supreme banking ascendance in India.It sets the guidelines according to which the banking operations and financial systems within the country functions. i. Issuer of currency RBI is the sole authority for the publishing of currency in India. Major currency is in the form of RBI notes, such as notes in the denominations of two, five, ten, twenty, fifty, one hundred, five hundred, and one thousand. RB I has two departments the Issue department and Banking department. The issue department is dedicated to issuing currency. All the currency issued is the monetary liability of RBI that is backed by assets of adjoin value held by this department.additions consist of gold, coin, bullion, foreign securities, rupee coins, and the presidential terms rupee securities. The department acquires these assets whenever required by issuing currency. The conditions governing the composition of these assets qualify the nature of the currency standard that prevails in India. The Banking department of RBI looks after the banking operations. It takes care of the currency in circulation and its withdrawal from circulation. Issuing recent currency is cognize as expansion of currency and withdrawal of currency is known as contraction of currency. ii. Banker to the governmentRBI acts as banker, both to the central government and state governments. It manages all the banking legal proceeding of the government involving the receipt and payment of money. In addition, RBI remits exchange and performs other banking operations. RBI provides short-term reference book to the central government. Such credit helps the government to accept any shortfalls in its receipts over its disbursements. RBI also provides short term credit to state governments as advances. RBI also manages all new issues of government loans, servicing the government debt outstanding, and nurturing the market for governments securities.RBI advises the government on banking and financial subjects, international finance, financing of five-year plans, mobilizing resources, and banking legislation. iii. Managing government securities Various financial institutions such as commercial banks are required by law to invest specified minimum proportions of their total assets/liabilities in government securities. RBI administers these investments of institutions. The other responsibilities of RBI regarding these securities are to turn back * Smooth functioning of the market * Readily available to potential buyers * Easily available in large numbers Undisturbed matureness-structure of interest lays because of inordinateness or deficit supply * Not subject to quick and huge fluctuations * Reasonable liquidity of investments * Good reception of the new issues of government loans iv. Banker to other Banks The affair of RBI as a banker to other banks is as follows * Holds some of the silver reserves of banks * Lends funds for short period * Provides centralized clearing and quick remittal facilities RBI has the authority to statutorily ensure that the scheduled commercial banks deposit a stipulated ratio of their total net liabilities. This ratio is known as cash reserve ratio CRR.However, banks enkindle use these deposits to meet their temporary requirements for interbank clearing as the maintenance of CRR is calculated based on the average balance over a period. v. Controller of money supply and credit RBI has to regulate the claims of competing banks on money supply and credit. RBI also needs to meet the credit requirements of the rest of the banking system. RBI needs to ensure promotion of maximum output, and maintain price stability and a high rate of economic growth. To perform these functions effectively, RBI uses several control instruments such as * Open Market Operations Changes in statutory reserve requirements for banks * Lending policies towards banks * Control over interest rate structure * Statutory liquidity ration of banks vi. Exchange passenger vehicle and controller RBI manages exchange control, and represents India as a member of the international Monetary farm animal IMF. According to foreign exchange regulations, all foreign exchange receipts, whether on account of export earnings, investment earnings, or capital receipts, whether of private or government accounts, must be sold to RBI either directly or through authorized dealers. Most commercial bank s are authorized dealers of RBI. ii. Publisher of monetary data and other data RBI maintains and provides all essential banking and other economic data, formulating and critically evaluating the economic policies in India. In order to perform this function, RBI collects, collates and publishes data regularly. Users can avail this data in the weekly statements, the RBI monthly bulletin, annual report on currency and finance, and other periodic publications. 2. Asset and Wealth Management mutual fund, different types of mutual fund and various products and services offered by mutual fund companies vernacular FundA mutual fund is a masterly managed Medium or vehicle that pools money from many investors and invests it in stocks, bonds, short-term money market instruments and other securities. Mutual fund is managed by professional managers who have deep knowledge and understanding of Stock Market, Bonds, money market. The combined holdings the mutual fund owns are known as its portfol io. Types of mutual fund Mutual Funds are of various types depending upon the following 1) On the behind of structure This includes open-ended funds and close ended funds I.Open-ended funds Liquidity is the paint feature involved which means these funds are like Open Box where investors can enter into or exit from an open-ended scheme anytime at NAV (Net Asset Value) related prices. Open ended funds are popular with investors because they operate in similar way to stock market where no maturity or lock-in period is involved. II. Close-ended funds A close-ended fund or scheme has a stipulated maturity period for eg. 5 7 years. The fund is open for subscription that during a specified period at the time of the launch of the scheme.Investors can invest in the scheme at the time of the initial public issue and thereafter they can buy or sell the units of the scheme on the stock exchange where the units are listed. In order to provide an exit passage to the investors, some close-end ed funds give the option of selling back the units to the mutual fund through periodic repurchase at NAV related prices. 2) On the basis of asset class On the basis of Asset classes there can be Equity scheme wherein you invest in shares, Debt or Income scheme wherein you can invest in govt. ecurities, balanced scheme wherein you can invest in both equities and fixed income securities. 3) On the basis of investment objectives Investment objectives can be Growth scheme or Income scheme or Balanced scheme. Growth Scheme Income Scheme Balanced Scheme Aim To provide capital gustatory sensation over medium to long term To provide regular and steady income to investors To provide both growth and income by periodically distributing a part of the income capital gains they earn Invests Invests a major part of their fund in equities Invest in fixed income securities like bonds and corporate debentures. Invest in both bonds and shares 4) other(a) types A. Sector specific scheme Invest only in sector for eg. Infrastructure fund would invest in infrastructure companies. Sectoral funds carry a higher risk along with a higher potential to generate returns. This is because their fate moves with the sector in which they invest. Therefore if that sector performs well, they generate excellent returns. B. king scheme Index attempts to replicate a stock market index or as closely as possible by investing in the stocks that form that index in the very same proportion.So a NIFTY index fund would have the same 50 companies that make up cracking in the same weightage. The aim of an index fund is to replicate the performance of that market index. So if the markets are rising, then your investment will rise with nigh the same percentage and if it is falling, you will get similar negative returns. The main advantage of investing in an index fund is the low Expense ratio that is incurred in these funds as compared to other investments because it is passively managed funds. C. ELSS (Equity linked saving schemes)An Equity-linked saving scheme (ELSS) is a great investment option that offers the double benefits of tax saving and capital Gains. Money collected under ELSS is mainly invested in equity and equity related instruments. ELSS Schemes have 3 years Lock-in period. Because of this, fund manager can have portfolio of stocks that can outperform over a period of time. The best way to invest in ELSS is through Systematic Investment protrude (SIP). With SIP you can invest a small amount every month for a specific time period.

Federal Agency Security Practices (FASP) Essay

Network Perimeter Security Policy Computer Security Resource csrc.nist.gov// network_ gage/ipdmms-perimeter-security.dFile Format Microsoft Word Quick View The Department lag Network Perimeter Security Standard (INPSS) specifies the NIST Special Publication 800-18, Guide for Developing Security Plans for The firewall will be configured using Industry best(p) practices including but not PDFNIST SP 800-97, Establishing Wireless Robust Security Networks A csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-97/SP800-97.pdfFile Format PDF/Adobe Acrobat by S Frankel Cited by 25 Related articlesentities, materials, or equipment ar necessarily the best available for the .. WLAN Security crush Practices 8-1 Learn from NIST Best practices in security program management searchsecurity.techtarget.com//Learn-from-NIST-Best-practiThis tip gives best practices for implementing much(prenominal) mandates and others. challenges behind operational integration of security and network management. NIS T Updates Computer Security Guides Government Security www.informationweek.com//security/nistsecurity/24000Jul 30, 2012 Guidelines focus on wireless security and protecting mobile devices how federal agencies and businesses can deal with network attacks and malware. revised to reflect the latest in security best practices NISTs Guide to The Best Guides for Information Security Managementwww.crypt.gen.nz/papers/infosec_guides.htmlA list of the best guides available online for Information Security Managment. NIST SP800-48 Wireless Network Security (802.11, Bluetooth, and Handheld Why do systems administrators need to use guides, practices, and checklists?US-CERT Control formations Standards and Referenceswww.us-cert.gov/control_systems/csstandards.htmlCyber Security Policy Planning and Preparation Establishing Network NIST SP 800-53 Rev 3, Recommended Security Controls for Federal . Rakaczky, E. Intrusion Insights Best Practices for Control System Security, July 2005. Cata log of Cyber security standards Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_security_standards1 History 2 ISO 27002 3 Standard of good practice 4 NERC 5 NIST 6 ISO 15408 provide network security administration while still supporting best practice ICT Security Standards Roadmap Part 5www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com17/ict/part05.htmlJun 6, 2011 The following work on best practices has so far been identified for inclusion in this section European Network and Information Security Agency 800-12 An Introduction to Computer Security The NIST Handbook 800-100

Do You Like the Ending of the A Question of Dowry or Cat in the Rain

Do you wish well the ending of the a question of dowry or cat in the rain. Give reasons to moderate your answer. What do you think will happen to Sivasothie or the Ameri cornerstone girl. I like the ending of the a question of dowry because Sivasothie shouldnt marry to such a materialistic man like Thirulchelvam steady though she liked him so much. Thirulchelvam only wanted the dowry that had promised by Mr and Mrs Ramachandran which were a piece of pour down and gold necklace. If Sivasothie married with such man, she was definitely couldnt own a blissful marriage.Sivasothie ability be very sad when she knew that Thirulchelvam dont want to marry with her. But, she should feel lucky that she could know the authorized face of Thirulchelvam before they get marry because he would not be the guy who can furnish a blissful marriage to her. Besides that, Sivasothie should strengthen her self-esteem and not be a submissive woman anymore. She should have the power to choose the guy th at she really feels that are suitable for her until the rest of her brio and not compliance with her parents choice.This is because her parents are too realistic and just care about the status of their in store(predicate) son-in-law. They had ignored the most important part which is the true heart of the man towards their daughter. Therefore, Sivasothie should broaden her circle of breeding to get know more of friends and increase her self-esteem as well as her communication skills. Indirectly, these might help her to voice out her opinion and not to be a subservient woman anymore. If she can improve herself, sure she will find a better man to marry to. (251 words)

Thus I Refute Beelzy

Group Assessment and Self-Assessment During this bug out I learned a visual sense astir(predicate) my group members but even more about myself. I discovered that I am not very detailed oriented and that I rattling need to work on my communication skills. A lot of the time I assumed that we were only on the same page when we werent. If I had to redo this I would be possessed of made sure that we started sell our cards earlier and would have worked on getting bigger business on our cards so that more people would want to buy them.Marise Maurice did a lot for the group. She was the most responsible out of all(prenominal) of us and the most realistic. Though she was quiet she silently took charge. She helped keep the boys focused when they started to go astray. Andrew Andrew truly took leading during this project. Though he may have slacked at times, all in all he did a lot. He and Max were the two who came up with our idea. He brought a lot of ideas to the table however he did nt really like listening to other peoples ideas. Max Max worked really unsaid on this.Though he may have been quiet he organized a lot of the stuff and he also came up with our idea with Andrew. I cant really tell much about Max because he was really quiet but he contributed a lot. He also put a lot of time and effort into the cards. Trenton Trenton worked really hard on this and was really dedicated. However he was really close-minded and wasnt very open to novel ideas. I feel as though if Trenton would have been more willing to venture we could have done a lot more with the cards. But he really took charge and accomplished a lot. He also has excellent communication skills.

How Has Technology Affected B2B Marketing? Essay

Is B2B trade dead How has technology affected B2B marketing? In the current market scenario, where all gracious of development is available to suppliers, customers and manufactures, there is a general belief that B2B marketing is dead. But the fact is that B2B marketing is mum alive. In the previous market scenario, before the advent of information systems or the internet, the information held by the vendors and manufactures was the unequaled selling point. In that case B2B marketing was really important as the give factor was genuinely important to do the business. With advent of technology and internet, this factor changed as the business became more(prenominal) transparent. The credibility of a B2B marketer could be checked as the advertisements straight off are more of Person-to-Person. It can definitely be observed that the nature of B2B to marketing has changed. The main reason being that, Everything is Measurable.Previously, B2B business was based more on Intangibl e factors, mainly to be read as TRUST. But today we be possessed of systems in place to measure even intangible assets. Hence today, B2B marketing is all about analytics, another(prenominal) reason being that the data is available to everyone. As a B2B marketer, the Unique Selling Point is the uninflected skill and prediction skill. It has to be kept in mind that in B2B marketing, services are as important as the product itself. And hence the importance of a B2B marketer has increased in todays scenario. The information on any product as well as the users opinion is available to all potential customers. On taking a look at realistic risks involved in the companies now has moved on to distribution of risk.They minimise the risk by forming teams for certain(p) accounts. The team members focus individually on various aspects and attributes of its client. This enhances the quality of existing services being provided as well as helps a company to identify the potential services that c an be provided to its clients. The B2B marketing field has become highly sensitive due to advent of Digital media, social networking and nature of availableness of information. The reputation of a B2B marketer is as important as the reputation of the company itself. This makes the internet very critical in B2B marketing. Even for a B2B Company the internet can be used as a tool for marketing. As a marketer the internet can be used for Listening, stretching and Nurturing. Listening to what the customer has to say or what a potential customer wants.E-marketing is one of the cost potent methods of reaching out to customers. B2B marketing is built on the foundation of trust. E-marketing can be used for nurturing trust as well as spreading awareness among customers. Yet, again the relevance of Is B2B Marketing Dead? corresponds to the kind of business and the class of customers to which the business adheres to. In some business the internet does not play a critical role in marketing. S uch businesses resort to traditional B2B marketing.At the same time the personnel of social media cannot be neglected in these cases. Social media might not help in marketing in such cases but it should be monitored and used to prevent negative marketing. Hence a strawman in the E-space is vital for any company to sustain growth could be a secondary purpose. So as such B2B marketing is not dead as such business still requires an interpersonal interaction which none of the technology can provide, because A mans intention is best cognize from his eyes

Case Study Of Banjah Village Environmental Sciences Essay

water system is indispensable to magnanimous male, beatify beings and work onss and without piddle, life on Earth would non be. It is the second resource, which is genuinely of import and abundant apart from air Wagner and Lanoix ( 19619 ) . From the unfeignedly get of human civilisation, great deal leave chose to settle near to water system start-offs, along rivers, beside lakes or near natural springs. Indeed, where battalion live, more than or less pee is usu whollyy ready(prenominal) for imbibing, domestic employment and perchance for irrigating animate beings. ( IRC1998 )When the member authoritiess of the fall in Nations proclaimed the mid-eighties to be the internationalist Drinking piss emerge and Sanitation Decade ( the pissing Decade ) , they were reacting to an insistency demand. An estimated 30,000 people were deceasing every cardinal hours, many of them attri unlessed to a deficiency of safe imbibing weewee or equal sanitation installations. Th e province of personal business of body of water release in the existence particularly in uncouth countries is far from being satisfactory. In 1980, the World Health Organization estimated that more than 70 % of the universe s rural universe of discourse was without introduction to a safe and equal water submit more or less 1.150million villagers ( China s statistics non included ) were imbibing water communicate which was a menace to their wellness ( IRC1998 7 ) . Besides, more than wizard billion people lack entree to a safe supply of imbibing piss. peeing connect diseases become taking cause of decease in the universe. It grows the lives of more than 14.000 people separately twenty-quartette hours as it is responsible for 80 % of all illness in the universe.In developing introduces, mature females and un terminaled misss spend more than 200million hours walking to the ne atomic number 18st piss origin lock to need adequate water system for their hous eholdholds. Besides, statistics show that further 60 % of the Afri fundament population has entree to safe body of water supplies. More so, in Cameroon more than one million people presently lack entree to safe imbibing weewee and three billion deficiency entree to basic sewerage systems. Although SNEC was created in Cameroon in the sixtiess after the independency, its activities argon largely been limited to the supply of crapulence urine to urban and urban periphery, populating the rural countries at their own(prenominal) clemencies and with limited finance to bear for deglutition water system supply.Drinkable water scarcity being a worldwide crisis in any event threatens the population of Banjah friendship. Banjah is one of the nice townshipshipsfolksfolks which make up the Bamenda cardinal subdivision in the North West Region of Cameroon. It is situated more or less 5km North West of Bamenda town. This little Anglophone dinky town of about 2000 people make the s carcity of drink water supply their preoccupation. The Anglophone Cameroon by and large has had a starchy tradition of ego reliant connection development. During the colonial period, the British cull up stakesd basic comfortss to their settlements for petite monetary value. The supply of drinking piddle for British Southern Cameroonians was chthonian the Public Works Department ( PWD ) a authorities bureau. And pee was fundamentally freehanded comp atomic number 18d to those in Gallic Cameroon. After reunion, the assets of PWD associating to water supply were transferred to a refreshed bureau SNEC. With SNEC, the awards state increasing. So with the cognition that water system is mantic to be less dearly-won or even free and with the spirit of community development inborn in near Anglophone countries, the Banjah people decided to come up with a autonomous pee initiate which was partially realized in 1992.Before the realisation of the dodge, the villagers fetched wa ter system from rivers springs and watercourses, which ran for long distances forrader making the bittie town. These beginnings to a fault crisscross farming atomic number 18as, croping enters and colonies. This resulted to rattling uplifted range of taint. More so, the villagers trave conduct for stopping point to 3km to charter pee and pee borne diseases were uncont plunked. body of water think overs were doing great accessible jobs. Besides, the absence of drunkenness H2O retarded an another(prenominal)(prenominal)wise development lying-ins.With the partially realisation of the H2O supply scheme, the supra jobs micturate non been wholly eradicated, alternatively, new 1s earn been created. The H2O outline faces the job of irregular supplies. at that place is mis engageion of financess. The spread personality of colonies and the rugged ter come down ar alike major jobs. Lack of local educate forces for the summons and c ar of the strategy appends the jobs. Finally, the deficiency of adult females strife in the prudence of the strategy at any rate causes a great job since they ar the greatest makees.All these jobs leave the villagers no option hardly to be given to their old available H2O beginnings. in that locationfore, conveyancing back if non, all the jobs faced by the community before the realisation of the undertaking. These jobs inspired the research worker to seek reply to this boss research inquiry How effectual is the Banjah piss supply undertaking? To reply this inquiry this research has been divided into four subdivisions.The first subdivision assesses the state of affairs of drinkable H2O before the realisation of the H2O undertaking. It as well as do a bun in the ovens at H2O supply process and how the support for the H2O undertaking was carried out. The prospective(a) subdivision looks at the divergent histrions problematical in the H2O supply strategy. It besides analyses the schemes and worry used for the success of the undertaking. The seeing is the socio economic impacts of the H2O supply strategy to the Banjah community in peculiar and others in general. Then we look at the jobs faced in the direction of the H2O supply strategy. The last subdivision concludes by sketching future chances in relation to the present slantencies in the development of the strategy. This prospects if carried out allow for convey the undertaking to a successful terminal.0.7 METHODOLOGYThe Banjah body of water supply undertaking covers a comparatively little country but with a heavily terrain. It has versatile activities every bit wide-cut as people with every bit diverse positions. Like other rural countries in Cameroon, it is ill served with communicating installations. All of these exit ask a multi- attack in roll uping informations. The methodological compend therefore pull up stakes be divided into devil separate informations aggregation and information depth psychology.0.7.1 . Data and schooling CollectionThe information for the keep an eye on leave behinding be hive a look from immemorial and supplementary beginnings.0.7.1.1. Acquisition of Secondary informations oftentimes has been written on community H2O supply strategy, direction and impacts. In this visible radiation, informations will be hoard from both published and unpublished secondary beginnings. They will include paperss and relevant web sites on the Internet. These paperss will include text editions, thesiss thesis, diaries, periodicals and magazines. These paperss and statistics will be gotten from libraries, NGOs and countryfied and Urban Councils0.7.1.3. Acquisition of Primary DataThis will affect fieldwork. dramaticswork constitutes a major beginning of informations in this type of research. That is field trips, interviews, direct observations and questionnaires. knit tripsThe first stage of the field trip will get down with a pilot study during which the matrix will be locate d and demarcated the layout of the terrain comprehended and some measurings concluded.The 2nd stage will affect transect work to demo the spacial dispersal of the H2O webInterviewsSemi structured interviews and treatments will be conducted officially with tralatitious heads, members of the tiny town traditional council, members of the H2O direction commission, caputs of adult females associations and house hold caputs. Informal interviews and treatments will be done on Lords daies after church services, market yearss and flushing when virtually of the villagers save retired place. These semi structured interviews and treatments will take to historical function. It will affect the function of the H2O related phenomena before and after the realisation of the strategy.Direct observationsThis is sincerely of import in roll uping and analysing informations. It involves the drawing of maps to demo the spacial distribution of phenomenon. For illustration the spacial distribution of the H2O web, the proposed strategy etc. Photographs will besides be interpreted to demo the spacial arranging of certain phenomenon utilizing the direct field observation method. The H2O jobs will hence be assessed straight.QuestionnairesLast, questionnaires were administered utilizing graded stochastic study technique to respondents for general replies. The different quarters represented the different strata. In each strata families were at random selected. The family caput became the chief source or other representatives in the typeface of the absent of the family caput. For the 200 questionnaires 40 were administered to each of the five quarters. For these 200 questionnaires administered 154 were decently answered. That is 77 % . These greatly helped the research worker to analyse the H2O supply strategy and its direction in the community. This is shown on the tabular take off infra.Table 1 The Distribution of adjudicate Size Questionnaires per Quarter.Living quarterssNo of QestionnairesNo of Questionnaires AdministeredPercentage of RespondentsMubaco403618Wumkien403417Ntoh402713.5Mucob403115.5Njimben402613 consummate20015477Beginning reach study 20060.7.2DATA ANALYSESAfter roll uping these informations, they ar traveling to be sorted classified analysed and interpreted. The information will be analyzed utilizing descriptive statistic methods. Tables, per centum and charts will be used.Chapter ONESituation OF drink urine BEFORE THE actualization OF THE SCHEME, yield PROCEDURE AND FINANCEHundreds of cytosine0000s of people in rural communities struggle for drinkable H2O supplies. Like most rural communities, the people of Banjah small town one time depended merely on traditional H2O beginnings for endurance. The curry to turn to the annihilating effects of increasing H2O b arelyness and worsening H2O quality around the Banjah small town eventually came. This chapter hence tries to analyze the state of affairs of drinkable H2O before the strat egy was realized, provide process and the support.1.1 SITUATION OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE identification OF THE SCHEMEField study reveals that life was similar snake pit to the villagers before the strategy. Drinking H2O was gotten from watercourses, rivers and springs, which ran, for long distances before making the small town. Apart from H2O collected from the rain the other beginnings were extremely polluted. This resulted to H2O borne diseases. colonizationrs took the hurting to go for stat mis to roll up this foul H2O. Water scarceness caused social jobs and a host of other jobs.1.1.1 Water beginnings before the strategyThe population of Banjah community had legion beginnings of H2O before the strategy. Field observation and sampling revealed the distribution beginnings as seen below.Table 2 Collection Points before the SchemeBeginningsNumber of HouseholdsPercentage ( % )Rain H2OStreamsSpringsRivers42403383432277Entire123100Beginning Field Survey 2006The above meanings revealed that most people got H2O chiefly from rainwater ( during the showery season ) , watercourses and springs. The per centums of the population that collected H2O from these different beginnings range from 34 % for rainwater, 32 % for watercourse to 27 % for springs. These beginnings were accompanied by many jobs.The above findings on the different H2O beginnings are similar with Faniran ( 1987 ) who highlighted that the chief beginnings of H2O before the put of the Lagos Water Scheme were pools watercourses, springs, pools, Wellss, lakes and rivers. He went farther to explicate that these beginnings which were polluted led to the high rate of H2O borne diseases. These besides go in line with this research and below are some of the job faced by the villagers before the realisation of the strategy.1.2 PROBLEMS OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME1.2.1 BURDEN OF FETCHING WATER.Water bring before the 1990s in Banjah small town was a great domestic load. Much cl ip and energy was worn out(p) to cover long distances to bring H2O from the different beginnings apart from rainwater. The tabular array below reveals walking distance from the H2O beginning, measure of H2O fetched per xxiv hours and clip spent for the intent.Table 3 Walking Distance from the Water Source, Quantity of Water Fetched Per Day and Time Spent for the Purpose.Family NoNeptuniumD ( m )T ( hour )Q ( cubic decimeter )NT ( hour )168505075-10021.402870035100-12521.003770040100-12521.2041080020100-125340545002550-75250Beginning Field Survey 2006.NP= figure of people in the familyD ( m ) = venture distance from family to the beginning in metersT ( hour ) = clip taken to bring H2O and redress homeA Q ( cubic decimeter ) =Quanatity of H2O fetched per twenty-four hours in liters.T ( hour ) =total clip spent per twenty-four hours in bringing H2On=number of trips to the beginning per twenty-four hours.The tabular array shows that an norm of 700m was covered by each family to roll up an norm of 100- 125litres of H2O. Women and kids every forenoon had to acquire up at the cleft of morning walking in the really cold status on narrow and hazardous way merely to roll up adequate H2O for their families. With the hazardous way some people after transporting the H2O and about making the house normally slipped off non merely pouring the H2O but besides interrupting their hard earned containers.Besides during the prohibitionist season when most of the H2O beginnings were drying up longer clip was spent. This is because, the villagers had to go longer distances to bring H2O. Apart from these long distances, adult females and kids ofttimes realize to wait in bend to roll up H2O. whatsoever traditional beginnings frequently dry out for several months each twelvemonth and it could take up to an hr to make integral a pail as they waited for the H2O to leisurely filtrate through the land to their containers. To avoid such long delaies many H2O aggregators got up ever y bit early as they could to acquire to the H2O beginning before the queuing started. thither was besides serious contending as they queued up.This activity was really palling and clip consuming, small clip was left for other activities that could bring forth income. The villagers described this distance as being painful. The happening was that, holding spent so much clip and attempt in making a beginning of H2O, the H2O itself was frequently soiled, contaminated and a wellness jeopardy.1.2.2 HEALTH PROBLEMSWater related wellness jobs were rampant in the community before the supply of drinkable H2O. These jobs were straight and indirectly related to the absent of drinkable H2O. Indirectly, acquiring up early to acquire H2O was raging. Besides the early forenoon cold characterized in the country during the dry season caused catarrh, cough, dry tegument and many other related diseases.Directly, these beginnings of H2O were extremely contaminated. They were normally polluted by domest ic waste disposal, farm fertilisers, treading by animate beings, the usage of H2O for stooling up watercourse, rinsing of apparels and still utilizing the H2O for imbibing downstream. Field surveies besides revealed that most frequently, the H2O had gustative sensation, atoms settled at the underside of the container when kept overnight and some even stained garments. All these showed how polluted the H2O was. These led to a high incidence of H2O related diseases as shown on the tabular array below.Table 4 Distribution of Diseases before the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )DiarrheaDysentery epidemic choleraRashs4735203036261523Entire132100Beginning Field Survey 2006From the tabular array above, it back be seen that there was a high incidence of diseases before the instal of the H2O. Harmonizing to the sampled population, the sum of 132 people was ill of H2O borne diseases. Diarrhea had the highest preponderance of 36 % . Apart of these H2O borne diseases, there were besides H2O washed diseases like itchs, and H2O related vectors which caused malaria and filarial all transmitted by mosquitoes. The heavy containers caused backache, retarded growing and joint strivings. The sick wellness of the labour force earnestly affected the development of the community. The general sanitation in the small town was a muss.1.2.3 SOCIETAL PROBLEMSThe absent of drinkable H2O stick out be detriment to the society. Before the strategy was realised there were a series of social jobs. some hubbies bartered their married womans for non cooking and transporting H2O on clip. Most work forces did non care under which fortunes H2O was provided, all they needed was that things should be done and available on clip. School kids had to transport H2O before traveling to school. The long queuing particularly during the dry season made these kids to both travel tardily to school or non to travel at all.More so, normally there was serious contending amongst the vi llagers as they struggled to transport foremost. This caused hostility. Children were besides beaten for interrupting H2O containers. It was a hapless scene. judge the presence of a job is the beginning of the solution. After sing all these jobs something needed to be done. The villagers so took on their enterp travel to supply drinkable H2O for the community.1.3 sum ProcedureWith all these H2O crises faced in the community, something had to be done to turn to the status and it had to be done fast. The people decided to build a autonomous community H2O undertaking. The whole process croupe mostly be seen on a diagram as below demoing the affiliate stages.Operation & A tending and Management proposeation installingPreparation For UpkeepPlaningMonitoring & A EvaluationConstructionFigure Cycle of a usual Rural Water Supply.1.3.1 InitiationAfter placing the job the following phase was the induction. Field study shows that adult females and kids are the primary groups roll uping H 2O. Therefore, they are the 1s who understand the hurting of supplying clean H2O. It is for this ground that the adult females after all the hurting and agony took upon the enterprise to suggest the thought of a drinkable H2O supply strategy.Table 5 Those Who Brought the Idea.BeginningsNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )Government21Womans Group10874Village Leaderships2718An person107Entire148100Beginning Field Survey 2006The above tabular array shows that the adult females group of the small town introduced the enterprise. Those who responded otherwise were either nescient or had nil to offer.Taking this enterprise, the adult females met with the Chief and Elders of the small town. They were directed to an administration that provide sanction to community undertakings were they got of import advice on the supply of inexpensive and drinkable H2O to the community. They country was measureed and the cost deliberated upon. They so decided to seek for assistance from different givers to a dd to what they had. It should be noted that there were processs and conditions which the villagers had to follow and carry through before they got any external aid.1.3.2 SupportUndertakings like rural H2O supplies can non be carried without assistance from the villagers themselves. The people of Banjah though willing to lend for the realisation of the H2O supply strategy, had limited agencies of bring forthing income for the installing of the H2O undertaking. Therefore, they had to seek aid from International and Local Non Governmental Organizations ( NGO s ) , to pledge the success of the undertaking.The three stages of the undertaking were completed in 1992, 1994, and 1996 severally. Financial, proficient and material support were gotten from the Swiss linkup for increase and Cooperation ( HELVETAS ) , African Development Foundation ( ADF ) , European Union and of class the Department of Community Development in Banjah. The fiscal separate can be seen on the tabular array belo w.Table 6 Fiscal contributions.Beginnings of FinanceSum in FCFAHELVETAS7,300,000ADF5,551,000European Union3,447,000Banjah Community2,991,000Entire19,238,000Beginning Project Committee Chairman,Community labour costed about 3,000,000FCFA. This brought the undertaking to a sum of 22,238,000FCFA. The field survey besides showed that financess were chiefly received from NGOs and from the small town community.Chapter TWOACTORS, STRATERGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER PROJECT.The success of a community H2O supply can non be done by the community entirely. There must be other histrions involved. These include internal histrions which are made up of the people in the community and the external histrions which include people or organisations outside the community. These histrions in one manner or the other helped in the realisation of the Banjah H2O undertaking. Field surveies revealed how involved these different histrions were and are still involved in the supply and direction process of the undertaking.2.1.1 OperationFor a undertaking to be successful at that place must be effectual operation and care. The Banjah H2O strategy maps under the umbrella of the Banjah Water Project Committee. The H2O strategy was divided into three stages. The first stage involved placing the spring beginning and taking the right engineering. The tabular array below shows the appropriate engineering options for the community H2O supply and why the shoutd supply was choose for the community.Table 7 Factors Considered in Choosing the Right Technology.TechnologyCostService LevelO & A M demandsWater QualityWater pointCheap actually low mortifiedGoodPiped supplyExpensiveVery highVery highGoodManual pumpReasonably expensiveLow elevatedGoodDug goodnessCheapestLowHighGoodRain catchmentCheapHighLowGoodBeginning Committee president.The piped engineering was chosen after discoursing with the field technician ( from HELVETAS ) and the community. This is because the H2O can easy be distributed in pipes to want points sing the topography of the small town ( explained the commission president of the strategy )The 2nd stage involved the aggregation of hard currency. This stage was really boring because it was non easy converting the villagers to lend. Several meetings were held in this visible radiation. The 3rd stage was the supply of local twitchs. Womans and kids carried sand and the work forces and young person carried rocks to the undertaking sites. This was done one-fourth by one-fourth under the supervising of the undertaking commission and one-fourth caputs. The quaternate stage was the build work proper. These involved the building of the catchment country and storage armored combat vehicle, excavation of the trenches and laying of the pipes. A 2.5km pipe was laid from the catchment country to the storage armored combat vehicle.The undertaking covers a distance of 6.2km long and consists of 30 individual base lights-outs and 2 dual base lights-outs. There are four chief control valve Chamberss along the line and a little valve chamber attached to each base pat. There are besides several private base lights-outs in different families.2.1.2 Maintenance and ManagementThe Banjah Water Scheme has a care commission. This commission is supposed to guarantee sustainable direction of the strategy. The maps of the administrator members who make up the care commission can be summarized as followsTable 8 whatever Functions of Committee MembersChairmanSecretaryTreasurerHearerCaretakerPresides at meetingsKeeps proceedingss of meetingsKeeps and collects community moneyChecks community historiesDoes routine care and punishes those who violates ordinancesSign the contract with the caretakers for operation and care.Prepares studies with presidentPrepares fiscal statementsPrepares studies on the fiscal and stuffs directionOperates system e.g. , gap and shutting valves to ration H2ORepresents the small town on H2O affairsCorrespond and affirm bank booksSigne rs to bank archivesDoes fixs of the H2O systemAuthorizes outgosKeeps records of minutessAdvises on what should be done on the systemCoordinates actions of membersUses and histories for tools, trim parts and stuffConvenes meetingBeginning Adopted from Andrew M Tayong 2005These different maps have been clearly spelled out as above. merely the inquiry is do the executive members execute their different maps judiciously? These will be expatiated in the chapters in front.2.1.3 Community ParticipationMost local populations are normally actively involved in the decision-making concerning developments or in their execution. They do nt merely supply information for the realisation of the strategy but besides take part in the effectual running of the strategy. The Banjah Community whole-heartedly participated to the success of the installing of the pipe borne H2O. The community participated through support and building of the H2O strategy. From field survey, more than 90 % of those who visi ted the catchment country went at that place for community work.The community of Banjah started take parting at the beginning of the building of the H2O strategy. The people were willing to make whatever they were asked to make. Much work was done at the catchment country. It included amongst others glade of study way, planning of study nog, transporting of rock, sand and other building stuffs. The community was besides responsible for excavation of the spring beginning for the catchment and besides trenches that channel the H2O to the remainder of the small town. Each of the quarters involved in the undertaking had community work leaders who did the organisation of the work at the one-fourth degree.Community labour was estimated to be approximately 3,000,000FCFA. The community besides participated financially. Womans had to lucre a amount of 2000FCFA, work forces 5000FCFA and kids above 18years 1000FCFA while those below 18years paid 500FCFA. The natives outside the small town we re non excluded. They contributed massively towards the development of the strategy. Fund raising parties were held in most of the subdivisions all over the state to raise financess for the strategy.2.1.4 Women InvolvementIn Banjah in peculiar and most other rural communities, adult females and kids are the primary groups of roll uping H2O. Therefore, they are the 1s who suffer most from the jobs associated to the proviso of H2O. The field study shows that adult females were those who brought the thought of drinkable what supply in the small town.As seen above, 74 % of the families interviewed revealed that adult females were those who brought the thought of drinkable H2O supply. They did non merely conveying the thought but besides helped in the executing of the undertaking. They were involved in transporting rocks and sand. They besides contributed financially by lending 2000FCFA each. Besides, some adult females participate in cleaning some of the public lights-outs and place ins talled lights-outs around. that it should be noted that on the other manus work forces are those who provide more financially and materially and are greatly involved in determination devising. It is a commiseration that many of them have small cognition about the agonies and load in supplying the household with H2O every twenty-four hours. Moreso, adult females are marginalized when comparing the possible function of the adult females with the existent engagement in the assorted phases of planning, building, care and rating. Womans are non really much involved. This explains why merely one adult female is a member of the executive board. Notwithstanding this the community at big extremely participates in the development of the undertaking.The above goes in line with the universe acme held in Rio de Janerio in June 1992 where they explained that experiences in many developing states during and since the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade ( 1981 1990 ) shows tha t even the best tally H2O bureaus can non successfully implement, operate and keep a web of widely spread H2O systems without the full engagement and committedness of the users. There must be therefore the full engagement of a community in the realisation of any development undertaking, since they are the donees.Chapter THREETHE SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH WATER SUPPLY SCHEME.3.1 Positive ImpactsWater is an of import shooter necessary for speed uping both economic and societal developments. Therefore H2O scarceness is one of the most of import environmental restraints of development, peculiarly in countries that face limited H2O in footings of quality and measure. The installing of pipe borne H2O in Banjah has resulted to some impacts. Summarily, there is the decrease of the incidence of H2O borne diseases, decrease of H2O fetching as a domestic load, sweetening of other development plans, step of poorness rilievo and others that are explained below.Table 9 Main Benefits of the Scheme.Main BenefitsNumber of PeoplesPercentage ( % )Decrease in H2O borne diseaseDecrease in the load of bringing H2OImprovement in substructureMicro irrigation strategiesEnhancement of other development undertakingsPoverty substitute314535423442142015181518Entire229100Beginning Field Survey 2006The above tabular array shows the chief benefits of the strategy to the sampled population. All these will be analysed below.3.1.1 Decrease in Water Borne DiseasesThe criterions of Cameroon imbibing H2O, corresponds with that of France, which is laid down in article one of the edict of 10th August 1961, of the Conseil Superieur dhygien publique and the edict of 28th February 1962 and 7th September 1967 ( Helvetas Manual, 1985 ) . These correspond to the international criterion, which says H2O should be colorless, tasteless, odorless and has no hazardous bacterium. The general safety of H2O is determined by its physical, chemic and bacteriological quality. It should hold sourness ( PH ) of measures which will do the H2O soft ( foams easy ) and the H2O should hold fix free carbondioxide. The tabular array below shows the study on chemical analysis of tap H2O in Banjah small town.Table 10 physical composition on Chemical Analysis of pester Water in Banjah Village.PH- valueHardness ( inA PG ) deoxycytidine monophosphateate hardnessNon Carbonate hardness 0Entire hardness6.50.1700.17Content of ( in mg/l )Sulfates so4Chlorides clAlkalinely mval cubic decimeter methyrorangeLime- aggreeiveCarbon dioxide CO2 HeyerKmnO4 ingestion in mg/l10.50.157.71.6Calculated in mg/1Natrium Bi carbomate NAHCO3Magnesium Mg70Beginning HEVETAS LABThe above chemical analysis of the Banjah H2O was done utilizing the Drinkable Water Analysis Kit ( pattern CA-24WR ) of Hach. Two liters of H2O was collected from the pat and put in a clean bottle made of good quality impersonal glass. The undermentioned chemical values were measured -PH-value-Hardness in grain CaCo3/gallon-Content of C di oxide CO2 in mg/l-Content of dissolved Oxygen in mg/lThe little hardness, really soft nature of the H2O and the less acidic ( impersonal ) content of the H2O makes it really drinkable for imbibing and other activities. These hence explain how drinkable the H2O is. Besides the bacteriological content of the H2O was analyzed and is presented below.Table 11 A Summary of a Report on the Bacteriological Analyses of the Water.OrganismValueWater Intended for DrinkingEntire Coliform BacteriaLess than 10/100mlin at least 75 % of all the samples takenFaecal Coliform BacteriaLess than 10/100mlin at least 75 % of all the samples takenBeginning HEVETAS LABFaecal coliform count in H2O samples taken from rural systems should neer exit 10 bacteriums per 100 milliliter, and no more than 25 % of samples should incorporate fecal coliforms. The H2O trial consequences shows that the Banjah H2O has less than 10 bacteriums per 100ml. The immediatelyadays of the a couple of(prenominal) bacteriums are as a consequence of some universal dirt bacteriums which are frequently present sometimes but with really small hazard of fecal befoulment. Besides, it should be noted that protected springs provide H2O free from fecal taint. Therefore these explain why the H2O is fit for imbibing.Banjah H2O as seen above is colourless, odourless, tasteless, non acidic, soft and with less bacterium content. The H2O can hence be termed mineral H2O. This high criterion of H2O has reduced the incidence of H2O borne diseases, though non wholly eradicated. This can be seen by comparing the distribution of diseases before and after the strategy. The tabular arraies below compare the distribution of diseases before and after the realisation of the strategy.Table 12a Distribution of Diseases before the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )DiarrheaDysenteryCholeraRashs4735203036261523Entire132100Beginning Field Survey 2006Table 12b Distribution of Diseases after the Scheme.Types of disease sNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )DiarrheaDysenteryCholeraRashs1211263935719Entire31100Beginning Field Survey 2006A comparism of these tabular arraies shows that the incidence of H2O borne diseases has reduced. Harmonizing to the sampled population, the sum of 132 people was ill of H2O borne diseases before, and after the installing of the strategy it reduced to 31. This decrease is as a consequence of the good quality H2O. But the inquiry still remains why have nt these diseases been wholly eradicated? This will be analysed in the pages in front.3.1.2 Decrease in the Burden of Fetching WaterWomans and kids are responsible for about all the activities in the rural environment in which Banjah is portion. With the coming of the H2O strategy, the load of transporting H2O has been reduced. They have much clip like a shot for their household activities and affirmation. The below statistics show the clip served by one individual for a twelvemonth when mensurating the decrease in the loa d of taking H2O. To cipher the entire figure of hours saved on the norm, we take a day-to-day figure and express as an one-year sum.Average clip saved per trip = 35minsAverage clip saved per twenty-four hours = 1.06 ten 35= 37.1mins= 0.62hoursAverage clip saved for 1 twelvemonth by a individual = 0.62 ten 365hours = 226.3 hours.The figures indicated above gives the sum of clip the each individual will pull through in other to transport out other of import economic activities.With the above clip saved, adult females now are more productive and cost-efficient in the public presentation of their domestic duties. They besides have clip for other more productive income bring forthing activities like agriculture, and exchange the green goods, retailing, selling palm vino tapped by their hubbies. The income generated from these activities help in bettering kids s nutrition, wellness, sanitation and instruction.The installing of the H2O strategy in Banjah has besides helped the adult f emales or made adult females better on their general sanitation. It has besides helped them to conserve their privateness, since they do non hold to take a bath in the watercourse or rivers as earlier. The Banjah adult females now have leisure clip to rest, visit relations and friends and besides join associations. They can freely oversee the kids, go toing meetings and other socio- political assemblage. These adult females besides have clip to forge autonomous enterprise groups which can better their criterions of life and cut down poorness. This is done through the instruction of the adult females on improved agriculture methods ( for illustration usage of fertilisers and other farm inputs ) , sanitation, nutrition and they are besides educated on HIV and household planning pattern to guarantee their well being. Some of them have decided to utilize the clip saved by increasing their farm sizes and thereby base on balls more clip on the farm.3.1.3 Micro Irrigation SchemesAgribus iness is the anchor of the Banjah people. From the field study, 80 % of the sampled population are engaged in agricultural activities. Water being really of import for agribusiness makes the installing of the pipe borne H2O really utile to the Banjah people. During the dry season when there is no rain, the installed H2O is used for irrigate small- graduated table farms and gardens. Most people who works veggies like huckleberry, tomatoes, onions and lettuce including harvests like murphies make usage of the H2O. Field study reveals that Banjah small town is the highest manufacturer of huckleberry normally known as jamajama . It is cultivated non merely during the wet season as before but all twelvemonth unit of ammunition because of the presence of abundant H2O for irrigation. Peoples come in from far and near to purchase this vegetable and it is the highest income generator particularly during the dry season when it is scarce in other parts of the state.This strategy is besides used by cattle rearers. Most Banjah people like many others in the grassfield are cattle rearers. The H2O is used to maintain the animate beings fresh and healthy during the dry season when there is limited grass to wipe out the animate beings and besides the drying up of H2O points. It is besides used to turn hye during the prohibitionist season which some cowss feed on.The Banjah drinkable H2O is besides used for angling. There are angling pools in the small town. These tip pools do non merely generate income but serve as a beginning of protein which is really scarce to come by.3.1.4 Rural Infrastructure.The rural substructure of Banjah portrays a typical African rural country scene. The small town suffers from a major job of unequal rural substructure. These include educational installations, communicating web, drinkable H2O, wellness centre, agricultural extension services, commercial installations and worst of all rural electrification.Houses in this small town are construc ted with local stuffs like clay, bamboo and grass ( thatched ) . Very few people use cement blocks to build. another(prenominal) stuffs used are zinc and processed wood.More than half of the people use clay blocks, topically produced to build. The chief route runs from Bamenda town through the small town to Bambili. There are minor roads and footpaths criss-crossing the other distant countries of the small town. There are two chief spiritual groups, which have been represent by the presence of Christian churches and a mosque. There is merely a primary school and a local market that operates one time a hebdomad.From the field study it was noticed much has truly improved as concerns substructure since the installing of the strategy. Some of the sampled population greatly agreed on this point. Peoples now have extra H2O nearer to build their ain houses. This has increased the figure of houses in the small town. Most frequently, houses are being constructed utilizing local stuff and by the proprietors. Since they have entree to a nearby pat, they mould blocks and build their houses at a lower cost. At first, they had to transport H2O from distant beginnings, this was really boring and really expensive fewer houses were hence constructed before the installing of the strategy.The installing of the strategy has besides enhanced other development undertakings. One of the major developments is the building of a wellness Centre although non as yet completed because of abuse of financess. Recently, the route was graded and there are chances of tarring the route and supplying electricity to the villagers.3.2 prohibit ImpactsThe Banjah H2O strategy has been successful to an intent. This is because the small towns still face some negative impacts caused by the strategy. These impacts were gotten from interviews and direct field observation has been expatiated below.3.2.1 Destruction of colonies, farming worlds and flora.Colonies, flora and farming areas were destroy ed in the cause of the installing of the pipes. Most of these pipes had to crisscross colony, flora and farming areas. All these things were destroyed without compensation as a consequence of the installing of the strategy. Field observation showed that some pipes passed through some people s compounds. This mean that these people can non transport out any other development undertaking like constructing a house be house because the pipes will be destroyed. Besides its hazardous edifice a house because what if the pipes has a escape or is being broken the house will be wholly destroyed.3.2.2 The catchment country and land decreaseThe land around the catchment country has been restricted from graze and other agriculture activities. This is to avoid pollution of the catchment. It should be noted that this has led to the decrease of farming areas and croping land particularly since this topographic point usage to be one of the really fertile lands of the small town. The limited land is now doing farmer-grazier struggles in some other parts of the small town.3.2.3 OutgoLast, the installing of the strategy led to excessively much outgo, which to an extent has increased poorness. Although fiscal, stuff and proficient assistance were gotten from Non Governmental Organizations, the villagers besides had to lend. With their stingy incomes, some were forced to pay certain dues. More so, they are still supposed to pay one-year dues of 1000FCFA for work forces and 500FCFA for adult females.Chapter FOURPROBLEMS go about IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHEME AND FUTURE PROSPECTSMajority of the Banjah population has entree to the drinkable H2O, but a good figure of the villagers are still faced with H2O crisis. There are many jobs in the direction of the strategy. Despite all these jobs, there are still some chances.4.1 Problems confront in the Management of the Scheme4.1.1 TopographyThe survey country falls within the Western Highlandss of Cameroon, which implies that the underl ying stones of Banjah are old granite and gneiss of the Precambrian epoch covered by basalt ( Neba 1999 ) . The part is fundamentally composed of drops. This vicinity depicts a rugged highland terrain made up of hills that are separated from each other by deep v-shaped and U-shaped vales depending on the incline. The alleviation of this country can be divided into two the low and upland countries.The Lowlandss are found around the Southern Western and telephone exchange parts of Banjah, with an mean tallness of 700m. The Highlandss on the other manus cover the Northern and Eastern parts of the survey country. The height scopes from about 1800-2200m above sea degree. This physical terrain has greatly affected the distribution of drinkable H2O.Field observation shows that the site and state of affairs of the catchment is a great hinderance to the distribution of drinkable H2O as a consequence of the topography. The catchment is situated at a tallness of 1826meters above sea degree. T here are other countries of more than 2000meters. This has made it impossible for drinkable H2O to make the really high countries. Much money is needed to widen the pipes to these countries. The catchment, located at the South West of the small town means that some pipes has to crisscross the survey country to ingestion countries. Besides, with the stony landscape some of the pipes have been broken hence sloping out much H2O. Some quarters are left without H2O. There is therefore the demand to supply much finance to better on the quality of pipes to direct H2O to the destitute topographic points.The varied landscape made up of undulating programs and high extremums, some which are high than the catchment necessitated really high hydraulic profile or force per unit area to guarantee efficient H2O distribution. However, such a venture is rather expensive and may non be low-cost by the villagers or the dwellers of Banjah. This explains why many a clip particularly during the dry seaso n a good bulk of lights-outs in Banjah does non flux and why quarters such as Ntoh with high lift have non yet benefited from the strategy.4.1.2 Socio economicThe economic system of Banjah like other rural countries is characterized by subsistence agribusiness. More than 85 % of the population is involved in subsistence agribusiness. There are other economic activities like the operation of proviso shops, off-licenses, merchandising of palm vino and local maize beer. The merchandising of firewood besides brings in much income. With their meager income they are faced with many duties like educating their kids and supplying day-to-day staff of life for the household. Therefore paid their annual dues is really hard and at times some people can non afford to pay for old ages.Besides the fiscal restraints of the community and their avidity to supply H2O within sensible distances for the people have made some families to put in base lights-outs around the compound. Most of such lights-ou ts are below acceptable criterions. They do non hold good basins round them but few rocks to back up the containers. As a consequence, there is a chance that H2O from such environment fortunes become contaminated earlier ingestion as soiled H2O splashes into the containers in the class of roll uping the H2O.4.1.3 sloppinessMost of the environing countries have been extremely neglected. Direct field observation shows that catchment country, the armored combat vehicle and some lights-outs have become soiled and shaggy due to negligence. This is because as explained above, the villagers are either non able or are non willing to pay their annual dues. Therefore, those who are supposed to take attention of these armored combat vehicles, catchments countries and lights-outs are non sufficiently motivated. This therefore consequences to carelessness. Besides most of the house installed lights-outs do non hold good drainage systems. This consequences to untidy and unhealthy milieus. Dead H2O is a good genteelness environment for vectors conveying diseases like malaria which is really common in Banjah small town.4.1.4 Population distributionThere are a important alteration in the population of Banjah small town from the 1976 and 1987 nose count, the population of Banjah was 984 dwellers. In 1987, the population rose to 1824 that is 840 new dwellers or 86.8 % addition. It was projected that by the twelvemonth 2000, the population of Banjah was supposed to hold reached 3648 dwellers.Table 13 Population arc and Projection.19761987Actual alterationPercentage alterationProjection2000984182484086.8 %33648Beginning base on Demo 1987, Second General Census Cameroon.The ratio of public lights-outs to the population in the community is really low. There are about 32 public lights-outs in the small town to a population of more than 33648 people. Besides, the population is extremely dispersed. The community hence finds it really hard to turn up lights-outs and rather expensive to associate all the colonies with pipe borne H2O. There is overcrowding around these few lights-outs which consequences to contending particularly amongst kids. Some of these battles to bring H2O lead to hostility amongst villagers, which retard advancement. Besides, non all the countries have entree to drinkable H2O during the dry season. There is therefore the demand for rationing. Most people faced with these jobs tend to bring H2O from the contaminated beginnings. Therefore partially explains why the incidence of H2O borne diseases can non be wholly eradicated.4.1.5 Management forcesLike most community undertakings, people are elected from the community to pull off its activities. They form the nucleus of the undertaking. The Banjah rural H2O supply has this forces but with unequal direction accomplishments and prepare technicians. Most of these people are voluntary workers with other professions. This means they have other businesss. They hence have limited clip for the pers onal businesss of the strategy. These restraints in work force ( labor ) have resulted to inadequate direction and bringing of required services to the people.Besides, field study revealed that, due to the work load and inability of the community to back up lasting workers as a consequence of fiscal restraints, these have given rise to inadequate records of the strategy such as figure of people, with private installings. Such records are critical because they aid in the anticipation and undertaking of future demands and fiscal budgeting sing the strategy.4.1.6 CaretakerThese are the field workers who are supposed to be familiar with their work. They are expected to often describe to the direction commission, on the state of affairs in the field, with the origin of the undertaking. Normally, at the get downing a villager was trained to execute this responsibility, but soon, other people have been co-opted in his topographic point. They are short of the needed accomplishments. As such there exists some carelessness to execute their responsibility coupled with deficiency of experience. At times escape can travel for hebdomads through pipe and lose caputs of public standpipes before they are discovered and repaired.4.1.7 Communication jobField oppugning and observation besides showed that the people are nescient on how the undertaking operates and their program of work for the twelvemonth. All they know is that they have to lend for the operations. Because of this believe there is misappropriate of their financess, by those in buck therefore weakening the people s involvement in full engagement on the activities of the H2O undertaking. They are hence non willing to pay their annual dues. The people believe that the money will non be judiciously used. This therefore makes it impossible for the undertaking to be smoothly tally.Future PROSPECTS IN RELATION TO PRESENT TRENDS OF evolution OF THE SCHEMEAll is non yet lost since there is still hope for the community to be wholly served with drinkable H2O. Field study revealed the following sing the future chances of drinkable H2O in the Banjah community.The nowadayss of raffia thenar and the stinger down of all eucalyptus around the present catchment country makes the handiness of drinkable H2O promising. This is because H2O will be available to the community at all seasons if non to the whole small town but to portion of the small town. The raffia thenar shop H2O which is released during periods of deficit, this guarantees changeless supply to some parts of the small town.Besides, the wiring of the country around the catchment country prevents the country from being polluted by either fertilisers from farming or croping around the catchment country. Finally, there is a great chance to recognize another strategy. This will hopefully function the Ntoh one-fourth and its milieus where there is no drinkable H2O supply at all.4.2.1 A unawares Description of the Micro undertaking.The deficiency of d rinkable H2O in some parts of Banjah as a consequence of the rugged topography of the small town, poorness and long distance to drinkable H2O beginning has lead to high rate of H2O born diseases, hapless wellness and decrease in population. This undertaking will therefore aimed at relieving poorness and fosterage development through the supply of drinkable H2O to the Banjah castle and the Ntoh one-fourth as a whole besides reenforcing the flow rate of the bing supply.Aims Short term To provide drinkable H2O to the community.Long term To better wellness conditions, increase agricultural product and accelerate development.Table 14 Budget of a Proposed Scheme.DIFFERENT CONTRIBUTIONSFundss IN FCFACommunity Kind Contribution1.980.000Community Cash Contribution1.528.000Expected Aid3.100.000Entire6.608.000Beginning Committee ChairmanIn order to raise financess for the undertaking, letters of entreaty will be send to project related Non Governmental Organization and many other givers. The cost regard will hence be forwarded to the Ministry of Water and Energy which has a budget given for funding rural H2O supply strategies in Cameroon. With Cameroon making the Highly Indebted Country Initiative ( HIPIC ) degree, budgets are now allocated to transport out development undertakings in rural communities. So the Banjah people are looking frontwards to derive aid from the State and of class other givers. A successful realisation of the above chances, will lend a great trade to the success of the Banjah Water undertaking.MentionsPublished BeginningsAkintola F.O and Aroela. ( 1979 ) Domestic Water Consumption in Urban Areas A instance survey in Ibadan City, Nigeria Water Supply and Management.Nigeria. Vol. 4 pp ( 313-312 )Andrew M. Tayong. ( 2005 ) community region in rural H2O supply undertakings. An illustrated usher and practical usher. 58pAndrew M. Tayong. ( 2002 ) Spring Water Tapping , In train Wilk, C. , Jo Smet ( explosive detection systems ) Small Water Supp lies Technology, people and Partnership, IRC, Delft, The Netherlands pp152-167Andrew M. T. , Poubom, C ( 1999a ) . 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HELVETAS. 20pTable OF CONTENTGENERAL INTRODUCTIONMETHODOLOGY AND LIMITATION OF STUDY0.5.1Data and Information CollectionAcquisition of secondary informationsAcquisition of primary informations.Data analysis.Chapter ONESituation OF POTABLE WATER BEFOR E THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME AND SUPPLY PROCEDURESituation of Water Supply before the Realization of the Scheme.Beginnings of Water Before the Realization of the Scheme1.2 Problems Faced Before the Realization of the Scheme1.2.1 Burden of Fetching Water1.2.2 Health Problems1.2.3 Social Problems1.3 Supply Procedure1.3.1Initiation1.3.1FundingChapter TWO3.1 ACTORS AND STRATERGIES IN THE SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHEME.3.1.1Operation, Distribution of lights-outs and Care3.1.2 Community Involvement.3.1.3 Women InvolvementChapter THREESOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH WATER SUPPLY SCHEME.3.1 Positive Impacts3.1.1 Decrease in Water Borne Diseases3.1.2 Decrease in the Burden of Fetching Water3.1.3 Micro-Irrigation Schemes3.1.4 Rural Infrastructure3.2 Negative Impacts3.2.1 Destruction of colony, farming area and flora3.2.2 The catchment country3.2.3 OutgoChapter FOURPROBLEMS FACED BY THE SCHEME AND FUTURE PROSPECTS4.1 Problems Faced by the Scheme4.1.1 Topography4.1.2 Socio- economi c4.1.3 Negligence4.1.4 Population Distribution4.1.5 Management Personnel4.1.6 Caretaker4.1.7 Communication ProblemFuture PROSPECTS IN RELATION TO PRESENT TRENDS OF EVOLUTION OF THE SCHEMEA Short Description of the Micro Project